GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE 

OF     THE 

LATIN    LANGUAGE; 

INTENDED     FOR    THE 

USE  of  LATIN  SCHOOLS, 


IN      THE 


UNITED       STATED 


BY  CALEB  ALEXANDER,  A.  M. 

Author  of  *•  A  GRAMMATICAL  SYSTEM  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE,** 
and   "  GRAMMATICAL  ELEMENTS." 


"  The  Rules  of  old  difcovered,  not  duis'd, 

Are  Nature  _/??//,  but  Nature  methodiz'd." — POPE 


accorufng  to  &ii  of  Congrrfo 


PRINTED  AT  WORCESTER,  MASSACHUSETTS, 
BY    ISAIAH    THOMAS. 

Sold  by  him  in  WORCESTER;  by  faid  THOMAS  and  ANDREWS,  in  BoiTOKi 
and  by  faid  THOMAS  and  CARLISLE,  in  WALPOLE, 


MBCCXCIV. 


GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE 

OF.  THE 

LATIN    LANGUAGE.. 


GRAMMA     R. 

\VORDS,  in  the  Latin  Language,  are  di- 
vided into  nine  diftin  61  parts  of  fpeech  ;  and  are 
called  Noun,  Pronoun,  Adjective,  Verb,  Participle,  Ad- 
verb, Conjunction,  Prepojition,  and  Interjection, 

A    NOUN 

Is  the  name  of  any  thing,  that  has  exiftence, 
whether  material  or  immaterial.  As,  terra,  the 
earth  ;  bonitas,  goodnefs. 

Nouns  have  two  numbers,  thejingular  and  plu- 
ral. The  fmgular  number  includes  one  thing  on- 
ly ;  as,  homo,  a  man.  The  plural  number  includes 
more  than  one  ;  as,  homines,  men, 

Nouns  are  common,  or  proper.  A  proper  noun 
is  applied  to  one  individual  thing,  in  diflinftion 
from  others  of  the  fame  clafs.  As,  Corinthus,  Co- 
rinth ;  Paulus,  Paul. 

A  common  noun  is  applied  to  a  whole  fpecies, 
or  kind  ;  as  herba,  an  herb  ;  nubes,  a  cloud.  Com- 
mon nouns  are  alfo  called  Appellatives, 

Nouns 


4  A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

Nouns  have  three  genders  ;  the  mafculine,  the 
feminine,  and  the  neuter.  To  thefe  may  be  added 
the  doubtful  and  epicene  genders.* 

Nouns  are  declined  with  fix  cafes  ;  the  nomina- 
tive, the  genitive,  the  dative,  the  accufative, ;  the  voca- 
tive, and  the  ablative. 

Nouns  have  five  declenfions.  Thefirftis  known 
by  the  ending  of  the  genitive  cafe  fmgular,  in  ce  ; 
the  fecond  in  i  ;  the  third  in  25;  the  fourth  in  us; 
the  filth  in  et. 

SIGNS  OF  THE  CASES. 

A  and  the  are  (igns  of  the  nom.  of  is  the  fign  of 
the  gen.  to  and  for  are  figns  of  the  dat.  the  is  fign 
of  the  accu.  0  is  fign  of  the  we.  with,  lyt  from, 
are  figns  of  the  all. 

DECLENSION  OF  NOUNS. 
FIRST  DECLENSION. 

Nouns  of  the  firil  declenfion  belong  to  the  fem- 
inine gender. t 


Sing. 

N.  Men  fa,  a  talk, 
G.  Menfae,  of  a  talk, 
D.  Menf  ae,  to  a  talk, 
A.  Menfam,  the  talk, 
V.  Menfa,  0  talk, 
A.  Menfa,  by  a  talk. 


Plur. 

N.  Menfas,  talks, 

G.  Menfarum,  of  tables, 

D.  Menfis,  to  tables, 

A.  Menfas,  the  tables, 

V.  Menfae,  0  tables, 

A.  Menfis,  by  talks. 

SECOND 


*  For  remarks  on  the  diftin&iori  of  genders,  fee  Appendix, 
Scclion  2. 

t  A  few  Latin  and  Greek  nouns,  applied  to  males,  are 
excep4ed. 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.- 


SECOND   DECLENSION. 
Mafculine    Gender. 

Sing.  Plur. 

N.  Annas,  N.  Anni, 

G.  Anni,  G.  Annprum, 

D.  Anno,  D.  Annis, 

A-  Annum,  A.  Annos, 

V.  Anne,  V.  Anni, 

A.  Anno.  A.  Annis. 

Sing.  Plur. 

N.  Magiiler,  N.  Magifiri, 

G.  Magiftri,  G.  Magiftrorumy 

D.  Magiftro,  D.  Magiftris, 

A.  Magiftrum,  A.  Magiftros, 

V.   Magifter,  V.  Magifiri, 

A.  Magiftro,  A.  Magiftris. 

Neuter  Gender. 

Sing.  Plur. 

N.  Saxum,  N.  Saxa, 

G.  Saxi,  G.  Saxorum,. 

D.  Saxo,  D.  Saxis, 

A.  Saxum,  A.  Saxa. 

V.  Saxum,  ,  V.  Saxa, 

A,  Saxo.  A.  Saxis, 


THIRD  DECLENSION, 

Nouns  of  this  declenfion  are  of  all  genders* 
Mafculine  Gender. 

Plur. 

N.  Montes, 
G.  Montiurrij 
D.  Montibus, 
A.  Montes, 


Sing. 

N.  Mons, 

G.  Montis, 

D.  Monti, 

A.  Momem, 

V.  Mons, 

A,  Monte, 


V.  Montes, 
A,  Momibus. 


Sing* 


A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  -the 


Sing. 

N.  Leo, 

G.  Leonis, 

D.  Lconi, 

A.  Leonem, 

V.  Leo, 

A.  Leone. 


Plur. 

N.  Leones, 
G.  Leonum, 
D.  Leonibus, 
A.  Leones, 
V.  Leones, 
A.  Leonibus. 


N.  B.     Feminine  nouns  of  this  declenfion  are 
declined,  like  the  mafculines. 

Neuter  Gender. 

Sing.  Plur. 

N.   Lumen,  N.   Lumina, 

G.  Luminis,  G.  Luminurn, 

D.  Lumini,  D.  Luminibus, 

A.  Lumen,  A.  Lumina, 

V.  Lumen,  V.  Lumina, 

A.  Lumine.  A.  Luminibus. 

Sing.  Plur. 

N.  Sedile,  N.  Sedilia, 

G.  Sedilis,  G.  Sedilium, 

D.  Sedilij.  D.  Sedilibus, 

A.  Sedile,  A.  Sedilia, 

V.  Sedile,  V.  Sedilia, 

A.  Sedili.  A.  Sedilibus. 

FOURTH  DECLENSION. 
Nouns  of  this  declenfion  are  of  all  genders, 

Mafculine  Gender. 
Sing.  Plur. 

N.  Cafus,  N.  Cafus, 

G.  Cafus,  G.  Cafuum, 

D.  Cafui,  D.  Cafibus, 

A.  Cafurrr,  A.  Cafus, 

V.  Cafus,  V.  Cafus, 

A.  Cafu.  A.  Cafibus. 

N,  B.     Feminincs  of  this  sjeclcnfion  are  <kclincd;  like 


LATIN    LANGUAGE. 


Neuter  Gender. 

Sing.  Plur. 

N.  Germ,  N.  Genua, 

G.  Germ,  G.  Genuum, 

D.  Germ,  D.  Genibus, 

A.  Genu,  A.  Genua, 

V.  Genu,  V.  Genua, 

A.  Genu,  A.  Genibus. 

FIFTH  DECLENSION. 

All  nouns  of  this  declenfion,  excepting  dies  and 
meridies,  are  of  the  feminine  gender. 


Sing. 
N.  Res, 
G.  Rei, 
D.  Rei, 
A.  Rem.. 
V.  Res, 
A.  Re. 


Plur. 
N.  Res, 
G.  Rerurrij 
D.  Rebus, 
A.  Res, 
V.  Res, 
A.  Rebus. 


N.  B.  The  remarks,  on  the  declcnfions  of 
nouns,  are  contained  in  the  Appendix,  Se&ion.  5, 
with  which  the  ftudent  ought  to  be  well  acquaint- 
ed. 

IRREGULAR  NOUNS, 
FIRST  DECLENSION. 


Sing. 

Sing. 

Sing.                         Sing. 

N.  /Eneas, 

Anchifes, 

Epitome,              Penelope, 

G.   yEnese, 

Anchifse, 

Epitomes,             Penelopes, 

D.  /Eneae, 

Anchifae, 

Epitome               Penelope, 

A.  'jEneam  | 
OT  /Enean,  J 

,   Anchifen, 

Epitomemor  1    Penet 
Epitomen,      J 

N.  yEnea,' 

Anchife,  or  a, 

Epitome,               Penelope, 

A,  >Enea; 

Anchife, 

Epitome5               Penelope. 

SECOND 

tf          A  GRAMMATICAL  iN-sxrruTE  of  the 
SECOND  DECLENSION. 


Sing. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

N.  Delos, 

Athos, 

Samos, 

Androgeos, 

G.  Deli, 

Atho, 

Samo, 

Androgei,  or  o. 

D.   Delo, 

Atho, 

Samo, 

Androgeo, 

A.  Delon  or~\ 
Delum,    J 

Atho,  or  "1 
Athon,     J 

Samon, 

Androgeo,  cr  V 
Androgeon,    J 

V.   Dele, 

Athos, 

Samo, 

Androgeo, 

A.  Delo. 

Atho. 

Samo. 

Androgeo. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

N.  Ilion, 

Chorus, 

Autonius, 

Chaos,  N, 

G.  Ilii, 

Chori, 

Antonii, 

IX  Ilio, 

Choro, 

Antonio, 

Chao, 

A.  Ilion,  or  ~\ 
Ilium       j 

Chorum, 

Antoniunl 

,        Chaos, 

V.  Ilion, 

Chore,  or  us, 

Antoni, 

A.  Ilio. 

Choro. 

Antonio. 

Chao, 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing, 

N.  Deus, 

Dii, 

Orpheus, 

G.  Dei, 

Deorum, 

Orphii, 

ei,  eos, 

D.  Deo, 

Diis, 

Orphii, 

ei,  eo, 

A.  Deum, 

Deos, 

Orpheum, 

on,  a,  . 

V.  Deus, 

Dii, 

Orpheu, 

A,  Deo. 

Diis. 

Orpheo. 

THIRD    DECLENSION. 


Sing. 

N.  Oedipus, 

G.  Oedipi  and  Oed'ipodis, 

D.  Oedipo  and  Oedipodi, 

A.  Oedipum<zrcdOcdipodem,- 

V.  Oedipu  and  Oedipus, 

A.  Oedipo  and  Oedipode. 


N.  Lampas,  Lampades, 

G.  Lampadis,  Lampadum, 

D.  Lampadi,  Lampadibus, 

A.   Lampadem,  1    T 

^^Lampada,  /   LamP^^s, 

V.  Lampas,  Lampades, 

A,  Larnpade,  Lampadibus, 


Sing. 
Daphnis, 
Daphnidos^ 
Daphnidi, 
Daphnida, 
Daphnis, 
Daphnidi. 

Sing. 
Phyllis, 
Phyllidos, 

PhylliJi, 

Phyllida,  . 

Phylli, 
Phyllidi, 


Sing, 


LATIN    LANGUAGE. 


Sing.                         Plur. 

Sing. 

N.  Erinnys,               Erinnyes, 

Achilles, 

G.   Erinnyos,             Erinnyum, 

Achilleos,     el, 

D.  Erinnyi,               Erinnybus, 

Achillei, 

A.  Erinna,       "1        Erinnyes,  and  ~\ 
<z/uf  Erinnyn,  /       Erinnyas,            J 

Achillen, 

V.  Erinny,                Erinnyes, 

Achille, 

A.  Erinnye.             Erinnybus. 

Achille. 

Sing.                     Sing.                  Sing. 

Sing. 

N.  Titan,               Pan,                  Tethys, 

Genefis, 

G.  Titanos,           Panos,  *           Tethyos, 

GenefioSj 

D.  Titani,             Pani,                Tethyi, 

Genefii, 

A.  Titana,             Pana,               Tethyn, 

Genefin, 

V.  Titan,              Pan,                 Tethy, 

Genefis, 

A.  Titani.             Pani.                Tethye. 

Genefie. 

Sing.         Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

N.  Bos,        Boves, 

Vas, 

Vafa, 

G.  Bovis,    Bourn, 

Vafis, 

Vaforum, 

D.  Bovi,      Bobus,  or  bubus, 

Vafi, 

Vafis, 

A.  Bovem,  Boves, 

Vas, 

Vafa, 

V.  Bos,        Boves, 

Vas, 

Vafa, 

A.  Bove.     Bobus,  or  bubus. 

Vafe. 

Vafis. 

Sing.                  Plur. 

Sing. 

Sing. 

N.  Onyx,             Onyches, 

Jupiter, 

Paris, 

G.  Onychis,        Onychum, 
D.  Onychi,          Onychitfus, 

Jovis, 
Jovi, 

Paridos,  Paries^ 
Paridi, 

A.  Onvchem  ~\ 

f  Parida,  and 

and  Onycha'  f  ^nychas, 

Jovera, 

)             .* 

V.  Onyx,              Onyches, 
A.  Onyche.          Onychibus. 

Jupiter, 
Jove. 

Parif, 
Paride. 

Sing.                Sing.                    Sing. 

Sing. 

N.  Sappho,          Manto,              Clio, 

Pallas, 

G.  Sapphus,        Mantus,            Clius, 

Pallantis, 

D.   Sappho,           Manto,              Clio, 

Pallanti, 

A.   Sappho,           Manto,              Clio, 

Pallantem,  or  en? 

V.   Sappho,           Manto,              Clio, 

Palla. 

A.  Sappho.          Manto,             Clio. 

Pallante. 

1O         A  GRAMMATICAI  INSTITUTE  of  the 


Sing. 

N.  Problema, 
G.  Problematis, 
D.  Problemati, 
A.  Problema, 
V.  Problema, 
A.  Problemate. 


Plur. 

Problemata, 
Problematum,. 

Problematis  *r  PfoblematibuSy 
Problemata, 
Problemata,. 
ProblcmatiSj  or  Problematibus* 


In   the    fame  manner  are  declined  all   Greek 

neuters  in  ma  ;  as,  po,emar  thema,  (enigma,  &c. 


N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 


Sing. 

usjurandum, 
urisjurandi, 
urijurando, 
usjurandum, 
usjurandum, 
urejurando. 


'Plur. 
Jurajuranda, 

Juriumjurandorumj 
uribusjurandis, 
Jurajuranda, 
Jurajuranda, 
Juribusj  urandis. 


If  the  Jlrjl  part  of  two  nouns  compounded,  is  in 
any  cafe  but  the  nominative,  then  the  latter  only 
is  declined  ;  as, 

Sing. 

N.  Jurifconfultum, 
G.  Jurifcon-fulti, 
D.  Jurifconfulto, 
A.  Jurifconfultum, 
V.  Jurifconfultum, 
A.  Jurifconfulto. 


Senatufconfultum, 

Senatufconfulti, 

Senatufconfulto, 

Senatufconfultum, 

Senatufconfultum, 

Senatufconfulto. 


FOURTH  DECLENSION, 


Sing. 

Plur. 

3\.  Domus, 

Domus, 

G.  Domi,       "V 
and  Domus,  / 

Domorum,  and 
Domuum, 

} 

D.  Domui    1 
and  Domo.  j 

Domibus, 

J 

A.  Domum, 

Domus,      j 

V.  Domus, 

Domus, 

A.  Domo. 

Domibus, 

Sing. 

N.    Jefus, 
G.  jefu, 
D.  Jefu, 
A.    Jefum, 
V.  Jefu, 
A.  Jefu. 


FlFT-H 


XATIN    LANGUAGE. 

FIFTH  DECLENSION. 


Sing. 

N.  Refpublica, 
•C.  Reipublicae, 
D.  Reipubllcse, 
A.  Rempublicana, 
V.  Refpublica, 
A.  Republica. 


Plur. 

Refpublicfc, 
RerumpubHcaruin 
Rebufpublicis, 
Refpublicas, 
Refpublicas, 
Rebufpublicis, 


N.  B.  To  fuftain  the  chara&er  of  a  critical 
fcholar,  the  fludent  muft  underfland  all  the  varie- 
ty of  irregular  nouns  ;  in  underftanding  which, 
he  will  gain  fome  affiftance  from  SECTION  V,  of 
the  Appendix. 

PRONOUNS, 

As  the  term  imports,  are  words  that  are 
tifed  inftead  of  nouns,  to  which  they  refer.  As, 
ifte  eft  pu£r,  qui  preleclionem  neglexit  ;  this  is 
the  boy,  that  neglected  his  leflbn.  Here,  the  pro- 
noun, qui,  is  ufed  inflead  of  the  noun,  puer. 

There  are  nineteen  pronouns  :  Ego,  tu,fui,  illc9 
ijlc,  ipfe,  is,  hie,  quis,  qui,  meus,  tuus,  fuus,  nofttr, 
•vefter,  cujus,  noftras,  veftras,  and  cujas. 

Ego,  tu,  and  Jui  are  pronoun  fubftantives  ;  the 
others  are  pronoun  adjedives. 

DECLENSION    OF   PRONOUNS. 


Sing. 

N-  Ego,  /, 
G.  Mei,  of  me, 
D.  Mihi,  to  me, 
A.  Me,  wtf, 
V.   -,  -,* 
A.  Me,  by  me. 


Plur. 

N.  Nos,  We, 

G.  'Noftrum,  cr  noftri,  of 'its, 
D.  Nobis,  to  us, 
A.  Nos,  us, 

V 

v  •         ?        > 

A.  Nobis,  by  us. 

Sing. 


The  horizontal  ftrokc  ii  evidence  that  the  cafe,  -where  it  is  vfed,  i* 


12         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  tht 


Sing. 

N.  Tu,  thou, 
G.  Tui,ofthce, 
D.  Tiki,  to  thee, 
A.  Tc,thee, 
V.  Tu,  0  thou, 
A.  Te,  by  thee. 

G.  Sui,  of  himfelf, 
D.  Sibi,  to  himfelf, 

Sing. 

M.      F.        N. 
N.  Ille,    ilia,    illud, 
G.  Illius, 
D.  Illi, 

A.  Ilium,  illam,  illud, 
V.  Ille,  ilia,*  illud, 
A.  Illo,  ilia,  illo. 


Plur. 

N.  Vos,  you, 
G.  Veftrum,0rveftrij 
D.  Vobis,  to  you, 
A.  Vos,  you, 
V.  Vos,  0 you, 
A.  Vobis,  by  you. 


Sing,  and 


A,  Se,     himfelf, 

V.  i     --  , , 

A.   Se,  by  himfelf. 

Plur. 

M.  F.            N. 

Illi,  iliac,         ilia, 

Illorum,  illarinrtj  itlorum5 
Illis, 

Ifios,  illas,       ilia, 

Illi,  ilia:,        ilia, 
Illis. 


hoc, 


id, 


id, 


A.  Eo, 


ea,      eo. 


Hi, 


Plur. 
hse,  .      haec, 


N.  B.  In  the  fame  manner  are  declined  iflc  and 
ipfe  ;  excepting,  that  ipfe  makes  ipfum,  in  the 
neuter  gender  of  the  nom.  ace.  and  voc.  ling. 

Sing.. 

N.  Hie,      haec, 
G.  Hujus, 
D.  Huic, 

A.  Hunc,  hanc,  hoc, 
V.  Hie,  haect,  hoc, 
A.  Hoc,  hac,  hoc. 

Sing. 

N.  Is,          ea, 
G.  Ejus, 
D.  Ei, 
A.  Eum,    earn, 


Horum,  harum,  horum. 

His, 

Hos,         has,      haec, 

Hi,  has,       haeCj 

His. 

Plur. 

li,  eae,  ea, 

Eorum,  earum,   eorum, 
lis,  or  eis, 
Eos,        eas,        ea, 


lis,  or  eis. 


Sing. 


*•  0  nox  ilia,  pene  xternas  huic  urbi  tenebras  attulifli. 

CICERO  pto  FtAC*. 

t  Efto  nunc,  Sol|  teftis,  et  Ixcc  mihi  /rrra  prccanti,— ^£n»  12. 1.  i? 


LATIN    LANGUAGE. 


G. 

D. 


Sing. 

Qui,       quae, 
Cujus, 
Cui, 


quod, 


A.  Ouem,  quam,quod, 

V  _    _ 

v  •   •      —  ,    •       —  -,    •          , 

A.  Quo,     qua,      quo. 


Plur. 

Qui,  qu32,  quae,    [rum, 
Quorum,  quarum,  quo- 
Quibus,  or  queis, 
Quos,       quas,. 

Quibus,  or  queis. 


This  pronoun  makes  alfo  qui  in  the  all.  fing.  and 
plur.  and  then  is  of  any  gender.  The  pronoun 
quis  is  declined  like  qui,  only  it  makes,  fometimes, 
•quid,  in  nom.  and  accu.Jing.  ncut.  gcnd. 


Sing. 

'N.  Meus,  mea,  meum, 

G.  Mei,  meae,  mei, 

P.  Meo,  meas,  meo, 

A.  Meum,  meam,  meum, 

V.  Mi,  mea,  meum, 

A.  Meo,  mea,  meo. 


Tlur. 

Mei,         mea?,         mea, 
Meorum,  me  a  rum, 
Me  is, 
Meos,        meas,        mea 

mex, 
Meis. 


, 
mea, 


In  the  fame  manner  are  declined  tuus  andfuus  * 
wanting,  however,  the  we.  fing.  and  flur. 

Plur. 

Noftri,          trae, 
Noflrorum,rarum, 
Noftris, 
Noftros, 
Noftri, 
Noftris, 


trum. 

"i 

ro, 
rum, 
trum, 
ro. 


ris, 
ras, 
trae, 
ris, 


tra, 

rorum," 

ris, 

ra, 

tra, 

ris. 


Sing, 

N.  Nofler,  tra, 
G.  Noftri,  rse, 
D.  Noftro,  rjc, 
A.  Noftrum,  ram. 
V.  Nofler,  tra, 
A.  Noflro,  ra, 

The  vocative  cafe  of  -vejler  is  wanting.  In  all 
other  refpe&s,  it  is  declined  like  nofter. 

Cujus  makes  only  cuja,  .cujam,  cujum. 

Noftras,  Veftras,  and  Cujas  are  called  gentiles; 
becaufe  they  exprefs  relation  to  nations,  countries, 
focieties,  and  parties.  They  are  declined  in  man- 
ner following  : 

B  Sing. 


A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 


Sing. 

N.  Noftras, 

•G.  Noftratis, 

D.  Noftrati, 

A.  Noflratem,     noflras, 

V.  Noflras, 

A.  Noftrate,  <TAnoflrati. 


Plur. 

Noflratcs,         noflratia, 
Noflrathim, 
Noftratibus, 
Noflrates, 
Noflrates, 
Noftratibus. 


noflratia, 
noflratia, 


' COMPOUND  PRONOUNS. 


Sing. 

N.  Idem,       eadem,     idem, 
•O.   Ejufdem, 
P.  Eidem, 

A.  Eundem,  eandem,  idem, 
V.  Idem,  eadem,  idem, 
A.  Eodcm,  eadcirij  eodem, 


Plur. 

Iidem,         ecedem,  eadem, 
Eorundem,earundem,eorun- 

Eifdem,  or  iifdem,  [dem, 

Eofdem,      eafdem,  eadem, 

Iidem,         eaedem,  eadem, 
Eifdem,  or  iifdem, 

Juidam,  quesdam,  quoddam,     or     quiddam, 

G.  Cujufdam,  cujufdam,  cujufdam, 

D.  Cuidam,  cuidam,  cuidam, 

A.  Quendam,  quandam,  quoddam,     or     quiddam, 

This  pronoun,  in  the    Gen.  Plur.  makes, 

Quorundam,       qnarundam,      quorundam. 
In  the  other  cafes  there  is  nothing  particular. 


Sing. 


G. 


Juifnam,  quacnam,   quodnam,  or  quidnam  ;  Cujufnam. 

uifpiam,  quaepiam,  quodpiam,  or  quidpiam  ;  Cujufpiam. 

^uifquam,quaequam5quodquamj<9rquidquam  ;  Cujufquam. 

euifquc,     quseque,    quodqme,   or  quidque  ;  Cujufque. 

uifquis,  -  ,  quidquid,  or  quicquid  ;  Cujufcujus. 

The  terminations  of  the  other  cafes,  fing.  and 
plur.  the  pupil  may  eafily  make  familiar  to  his 
mind.  He  will  obferve,  however,  that  quifquis 
has  no  feminine,  in  any  cafe,  or  number  ;  and  no 
neuter  gender;  the  nom.  and  accu.  excepted. 

Quifquam  has,  fometimes,  quicquam  for  quidquam. 
The  acc.Jing.  is  qucnqitam,  in  the  maf.  gend.  It 
has  no  fern.  The  plur,  is  feldom  ufed. 

The 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          15 

The  compounds  of  qui  are  thus  declined  : 

N.  Sing. 

Quicunque,  quaerunque,  quodcunque. 

Quilibet,  quaelibet,  quodlibet  or   quidlibet, 

Quivis,  quaevis,  cjuodvis.  or  quidvis. 

The  other  cafes  are  declined  according  to  the 
terminations  of  qui.  As,  G.  Cujufcunque,  cujuf- 
libet,  cujufvis,  &c,  D.  Cuicunque,  cuilibet,  cu- 
ivis,  £c. 

Thefe  five,  Aliquis,  Ecquis.  Nequis,  Nitmquis,  and 
Siquis,  are   declined  like    quis.     But  in    the   nom. 
Jing.  fern,  they  make  qua.     They  alfo   make  qua, 
in  the  nom.  and  ace.  flur.  neut.  gend.     In  thefe  ex- 
ceptions, ecquis  makes  both  ecqucs  and  ecqua. 

The  compound  pronouns,  generally,  make  qui" 
bus  and  not  queis,  in  the  dat.  and  abl.  flur. 

Excepting  quifque,  quilibet,  aliquis,  and  unufquif- 
que,  the  other  compound  pronouns  want  the  vcc- 
ative. 

Unufquifque  makes,  in  the  gen.  Jing.  umufcujufque  ; 
and  unicuiquc,  in  the  dat.  The  other  cafes  are 
plain. 

Ijle  and '  hie,  compounded,  make,  in  nom.  Jing, 
Ifthic,  ifthasc,  ifthoe,  or  ifthuc.  Ace.  Ifthunc, 
ifthanc,  ifthoe,  or  ifthuc.  Abl.  Ifthoe,  ifthac,  ift- 
hoc.  In  nom.  and  ace.  plur.  neut.  Ifthaec. 

Ecce  and  is,  compounded,  make  eccum  and  co- 
cam  in  ace. Jing.  And  eccos,  eccas,  in  ace.  flur. 

Ecce  and  ilk  make  ellum,  el! am,  and  ellos-,  cllas,  in 
the  accufatives. 

The  noun,  modus,  is  often  ufed  in  compofirion 
with  the  pronouns,  quis,  ifte,  hie,  and  is.  And 
when  thus  compounded,  they  are  ufed,  in  the  gen. 
Jing.  only.  G.  Cujvfmodi  ;  ijlhifmodi  ;  hitjitfmodi  ;• 

cjufmodi. 


16         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  oj  the 

cjufmodi.  Sometimes  the  particle  ce  intervenes  ; 
as  hujufcemodi. 

The  enclitic  adjedions,  met,  te,  fc,  pte,  and  cine 
added  to  pronouns,  make  them  more  emphatical. 
As,  egomct.  tute,  hujufce,  meapte,  and  hiccine. 

Pronouns  have  three  perlbns  and  three  genders, 
in  both  numbers. 

Ego  and  nos  are  of  the  firft  perfori. 

Tu  and  ;y05  are  of  the  fecond  perfon. 

All  the  other  pronouns,  the  nouns,  participles, 
and  adjectives  ufed  fubftantively,  are  of  the  third 
perfon. 

But  ijle  and  qui  are,  by  the  belt  authors,  appli- 
ed to  any  perfon. 

The  prepofition  cum  is  generally  put  after  me, 
te,fe,  nobis,  vobis,  qui,  quo,  and  quibus.  As,mecum, 
tccum.  fecum,  nobifcum,  vobifcum,  guicum,  quocum, 
qiiibufcum,  in  the  all. 

RELATIVE  pronouns  are  thefe  ;  qui,  idem,  is,  hie, 
ille,  and  ijle. 

POSSESSIVE  pronouns  are  thefe  ;  meits,  twis,fuus, 
nofter,  and  vejler. 

PRIMITIVE  pronouns  are  thefe,  ego,  tu,  fui,  ilk, 
ijle,  hie,  and  is.  They  are  often  ufed  as  DEMON- 
STRATIVE pronouns. 

ADJECTIVES 

Are  words,  that  exprefs  the  qualities  and  acci- 
dents of  pcrfons,  aftions,  and  things. 

They  are  ever  connected  with  nouns,  in  number, 
cafe,  and  gender  ;  except  when  they  are  ufed  in 
the  nature  of  nouns. 

Adjectives  of  three  terminations,  have  their  Jirjl 
terrnina'ion  Omilar  to  the  ffcond  declenfion  of 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          17; 

nouns,  maf.  gend.  Their  fecond  termination  is 
fimilar  to  the  Jirjl  declenfion  of  nouns  ;  and  the 
third  termination  is  fimilar  to  the  fecond  declenfion 
of  nouns,  in  the  neut.  gender. 

THREE  TERMINATIONS. 

Adjectives,  that  end  in  us,  in  the  ncm.  Jing.  are 
declined,  like  durus,  hard. 


Sing. 

Plur. 

M.             F.         N. 

M.                F.              N. 

N.   Durus-,           a,          um, 

Duri,           as,            a, 

G.  Duri,             as,         i. 

Durorum,   arum,     orum, 

D.  Duro,            as,        o, 

Duris,          is,            is, 

A.  Durum,         am,      um, 

Duros,         as,           a, 

V.   Dure,             a,          um, 

Duri,             ae,             a, 

A.  Duro,             a,  .        o. 

Duris,           is,           is. 

Thofe,  that  end  in  er,   in  the  nom.  Jing.  are  de=* 

clined,  like  facer,  holy. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

M.          F.         N. 

M.           F.             N, 

XT.  Sacer,     ra,          ram, 

Sacri,          rae,            ra, 

G.   Sacri,      rae,         ri, 

Sacrorum,  arum,       orum, 

D.   Sacro,     rae,        ro, 

Sacris,        ris,             ris, 

A.  Sacrum,  am,       um, 

Sacros,        ras,            ra, 

V.  Sacer,      ra,          rum, 

Sacri,           ras,            ra, 

A.  Sacro,       ra,          ro. 

Sacris,         ris,  .          ris. 

N.  B.  Some  adjectives,  that  have  e,  in  the  maj\ 
Jing.  retain  it,  in  the  fern,  and  nsut.  and  all   com- 
pounds, in  ger  andfer.  The  retention  of  e,  length- 
ens the  word  one  fyllable.     As,    tener,   tenera,  te- 
nerum. 

N.  B,  All  participles,  ending  in  us,  are  declin- 
ed, like  durus.  As,  amaius,  amqta,  amatum,  Sec. 

Some  adjectives   make    their  gen*  in  -ins ;    and 
dative  in  /  -9  and  are  declined,  like 

B  Si  UNUS, 


F. 

N. 

M. 

F.    ' 

N. 

a, 

um. 

Uni, 

iE, 

a.  ' 

ius, 

ius. 

Unorum, 

arum. 

orum* 

J, 

i. 

Unis, 

is, 

is. 

am, 

n  m. 

Unos, 

as, 

a. 

aj 

um. 

Uni, 

cTE, 

a. 

a. 

o. 

Unis, 

is, 

is. 

i3         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  th$ 

UN  us, 

Sin*.  Flitr. 

U. 

N.  Unus, 
G.  Unius, 
D.  Uni, 
A.  Unum, 
V.  Une, 
A.  Uno, 

In  like  manner  are  declined  Alias,  Alter,  Neuter, 
Nullus,  Solus,  Totus,  Ullus,  Uicr  and  its  compounds ; 
as  Ulerque,  Uterhbel,  Utervis,  and  Alteruter.  Alius, 
alter,  neuter,  nullus,  ullus,  uter  and  its  com- 
pounds, have  no  voc.  Alius  has  the  gtn.  Jing.  in. 
alius  not  aliius.  The  neut.  Jing.  is  aliud,  not  alium. 

Unus  is  never  ufed  in  the  plur.  num.  but  when 
joined  with  a  noun,  that  wants  the  Jing.  -As,  uncs 
litcra?  ;  una  moenia  ;  or  when  the  noun  compre- 
hends feveral  particulars.  As,  una  vejiimenta,  one 
fuit  of  clothes.  PLAUTUS. 

Amlo  and  duo  are  thus  declined  : 


Plur. 

N.  Ambo,  ae,         o. 

G.   Amborum,  arum,  orum. 

D.  Ambohus,.  abus,  obus. 


J  lur. 

A.  Ambos,  0, 
V.  Ambo, 
A.  Ambo  bus, 


as,       o. 
ae,.      o. 

abus,  cbus. 


Adjectives  of  Two  TERMINATIONS,  are  declin- 
ed like  nouns  of  the  third  declenlion.  Thefirjt 
is  maf.  zndftm.  thcfecond  is  neuter  gender. 


N.  Dukis, 
G.  Dulcis, 
A).  Duki, 


•ra,   e, 
Dulcis,     e. 
A.  Dulci,  ere.* 


A. 
V. 


Plur. 

N.   Dulc.es, 

ia. 

Cr.   Dulcium, 

ium. 

D.  Dulcibus, 

ibus. 

A.   Dulccs, 

la. 

V.  Dulccs^ 

ia. 

A.  Dulcibus, 

ibus. 

COMPARATIVE 


All  genders 


LATIN     LANGUAGE, 

COMPARATIVE  DEGREE. 


Sing. 
N.  Major,         majus, 
G.  Majoris,      majoris. 
D.  Majori,        majori. 
A.  Majorem,    majus, 
V.  Major,         majus. 
A.   Majore,  or  rnajori.t 

Plur. 
Majores,         majora. 
Majorum,       majorum. 
Majoribus,     majoribus, 
Majores,         majora. 
Major?s,         majora. 
Majoribus,     majoribus. 

The  following  adjeclives  ;  acer,  alacer,  campejler, 

celer,  celeber,  equefter,  palujler,  pcdefter.falubcr,  and 

filvefter,  make  their  maf.  in  nom.  and  we.  either  in 

er  or  is,  indifferently.     Their  fern,  ever  in  z's,  and- 

neut.  in  e, 

Sing. 

M.  F.  N, 

X.  Acer,  or  acris,     acris^  acre, 

G.  Acris,  acris,  acris.. 

D.  Acri,  acri,  acri. 

A.  Acrem,  acrem,          acre. 

V.  Acer,  or  acris,     acris,  acre. 

A,  Acri,  acri,  acri. 

The  others    are  formed,  in   the    fame  manner;. 
Their  plurals  are  declined,  like  the  plural  of  dulcis, 

Adjeclives  of   two  terminations  make  the  gen.- 
plur.  in  turn,  and  the  nom.  ace.  and  we.  ncut.  gend. 
in  ia. 

The  compounds  of  ceps,  fex.  pes,  and  corpor, 
make  the  ge?i.  plur.  in  urn*  As,  artifex,  bipts,  prin- 
ceps,  tricorpor. 

Comparative  adjeclives  ever  make  the  gen.  plur. 
in  um,  and  the  nem.  ace.  and  we.  in  a. 

Adjeciives  of  ONE  TERMINATION,  in  the  ncm. 
jing.  are  declined,  like  nouns  of  the  third  dcclen- 
fion.  of  both  the  maf.  and  neut.  gend. 

Sing. 


t  All  i:«.r.. 


^GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 


Sin*. 


N.  Capax. 

G.   Capacis, 

D.  Capaci, 

A.  Capacem,  capax. 

V.  Capax, 

A.  Capacij  or  capace.* 


Plur. 

Capaces,  capacia. . 
Capacium. 
Capacibus. 
Capaces,.        capacia. 
Capaces,          capacia. 
Capacibus. 


N.  B.  Participles  of  the  prefent  time,  are  varied 
in  this  declenfion.  As,  N.  Avians,  G.  Amantis,  D. 
Amanti9  &c. 

The  following  adjectives  form  the  gen.  plur.  in 
um  :  Compos,  confers,  degener,  dives,  hofpes,  impos, 
inops,  juvenes,  pauper,  fenex,fofpes,  fupplex,fuperftes, 
uler,  and  vigiL 

Thefe  adjectives  are  feldom  ufed,  in  the  neut. 
gend. 

Par  makes  abl.  fing.  pari  ;  and  plus  makes 
plure.  The  g£n.  plur.  is  plurium  ;  and  the  nom, 
ace.  and'voc.  plur.  is  plura,  or  pluria. 

The  participle  of  this  declenfion,  that  is  ufed 
in  the  all.  abfolute,  generally  ends  in  e.  As,  Auguf- 
to  regnante,  Auguftus  reigning. 

COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives  have  two  degrees  of  comparifon  only, 
the  comparative  -dndfuperlative. 

An  adjective,  in  its  pofitive  flate,  admits  no 
cotn  pari  Ton  ;  as  dulcis,  fweet.  This  ftate  expreiT* 
es  the  fimple  quality  of  a  thing,  without  increaf- 
ing,  or  d<.  creafing.  Three  apples  may  be  placed 
together  ;  of  which,  thefirfl  may  be  duke,  fweet ,; 
the  fecond,  may  be  didcius,  fweeter  ;  and  the  third 
may  be  dulcijjimum,  fweeteft. 

Hence, 

*  All  genders, 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          si 

Hence,  although  adjeclives  have  two  degrees  of 
companion  only,  yet  they  may  have  three  Jlatc$.  As, 

Pof.  Com.  Super. 

Durus,  durior,  duiiffimus. 

Hard,  harder,  hard  eft, 

Mollis,  mollior,  molliflimus. 

Soft,  Jo/Ur,  Jo/iejt. 

FORMATION. 

1.  If  the  adjective   end  in  us,  in  the  nom.  fing. 
the  comparative  degree  is  made,   by  adding  or  to 
the  gen.  fmg.  for  the  maf.  and  fern.  gend.  and  u$ 
for  the  ntut.  As,  gen.  duri  ;  durior,  durius.     The 
Superlative  degree   is  made,  by  adding  J/imus,  to 
the  gen.  Jing.  As,  gen.  duri  ;  duriffimus. 

2.  If  the  adjective  end  in  is,  in  the  nom.  Jing. 
the  comparative  degree  is  formed,  by  adding  or  to 
the  dat.  Jing.  for  the  maf.  and  fern,  and  us,  for  the 
neut.  As,  dat.  dulci  ;   dulcior,   dulcius.     The  fu- 
perlative   is   formed,  by   adding  Jfimus  ;    as,  dat, 
dulci  ;  dulciflimus. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

1.  If  the  nom.  Jing.  end  in  er,  the  comparative 
is  regular  ;  but   the  fuperlative  is  formed  by  the 
addition  of  rimus  ;  as,  pauper, ,  pauperrimus. 

2.  The  following  adje&ives,  ending  in   is,  in 
the  nom.  Jing.  have   their  comparatives   regular  ; 
but  they   make  their   fuperlatives,  by    rejecting  z's 
from  thenom.  in  its  ppficivejfiafc,  and  adding  limits. 

Pcf.  Com.  Super. 

Agilis,  agilior,  us,  agillimus. 

Docilis,  docilior,  us,  docillimus. 

Facilis,  facilior,  us,  facillimus. 

Gracilis,  graciltor,  us,  gracillimus. 

Humilis,  humilior,  us,  humillimus. 

Irnbecilis,  imbecilior,  us,  imbccillimu;. 

Similis,  fimilior,  us,  fimillimus^ 


22  A  GRMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

3.  The   compounds  of  dicus,  Jicus,   loquus,  and 
volus,  have  their  comparatives,  in   entior  ;  and  fu~ 
perlatives,  in  entij/imus. 

Pof.  Com.  Super* 

Benedicus,  benediccntior,  benedicentifiimus. 

Maleficus,  malencentior,  rnaleficentiflimus. 

Benevolus,  benevolentior,  bencvolentiflimus. 

Magniloquus,  magniloquentior,  magniloquentiflimus. 

4.  When  a  vowel  precedes  the   nom.  in  us,  the 
comparatives    and    fuperlatives    are,     generally, 
formed  by    the  adverbs  :  admodum,   apprise,   in- 
Jigniier>  magis,  maxime,  mire,  perquam,  and  valde. 

Pof.  Com.  Super. 

Pius,  magis  pius,          maxime  pius. 

5..  Per  and  prce  in  compofition  with  an  adjec- 
tive, are  often  ufed  to  denote  the  fuperlative  de- 
gree. As,  pcrgratus,  very  agreeable;  prcegravis, 
very  heavy. 

IRREGULAR    COMPARISONS. 

Of  thefe,  fome  want  the  pofitive  ftate  ;  others 
have  no  comparative  degree ;  and  the  fuperlative  is 
formed  not  according  to  any  of  the  preced- 
ing rules. 

Com..  Super. 

melior,  optimus* 

citior,  citimus. 

diutior,  diutiflimus. 

Dives,  ditior,  ditiflimus. 

Externus,         exterior,  extremus,  or  extimu3». 

Jriferus,  inferior,  infimus,  or  imus, 

Intus,  interior,  intimus. 

Magnus,  major,  maximus. 

Mains,  p('j°i~5  pefFimus. 

Mnltus,  plus.   N.  plurimus. 

neq'iior,  nequiflimus. 

•  prior,  primus. 


L 

AT  IN    LA 

N  G  U  A  G  E. 

Pof. 

Com. 

Super. 

Par  v  us, 

minor, 

minimus. 

Fofterus, 

poflerior, 

poftremus,  or  poflhumus 

Superus, 

proprior, 
fu  peri  or, 
ulterior, 

proximus. 
fupremus,  or  fummus, 
ultimus. 

Vetus, 

vetericr, 

vetcrrimus. 

DEFECTIVES. 

Pof 

Com. 

Siiper. 

Adolefccns, 

adolefcentior, 

deterior, 

detcrrimus. 

Communis, 

communior, 

Fidus, 

fidiffimus. 

> 

In-clytus, 

inclytiflimus. 

» 

Meritus, 

meriti  flimus. 

"5 

Novus, 

noviflimus. 

> 

Opimus, 

opimior, 

oeypr, 

ocyfTimus. 

potior, 

potifiTimus. 

iScocx 

ic  n  i  o  r 

Smiflrr. 

fjnifrprinr. 

The  following  are  feldom  ufed  ;  afliduor, 
egregiffimus,  exiguiffimus,  ipfiffimus,  mirificifli- 
mus,  multiffimus,  perpetuiffimus,  pientilTimus,  or 
piiffirnus,  tuiffimus. 

Cinaedior,  Neronior,  and  Poenior  are  corruptly 
ufed  from  Cities  do  ^  Ncrone,  and  Pceno. 

Participles  in  dus  and  rus  have  no  comparative, 
nor  fuperlative,  degree. 

Adjectives,  that  end  in  bundus,  imus,  inus,  ivus9 
and  eras,  have  no  comparative,  nor  fuperlative, 
degree. 

Numeral  and  ordinal  adjectives,  and  thefe, 
almus,  calvus,  claudus,  dclirus,  f genus,  etcrnus,  mag- 
nanimus,  minis,  memor,  falvus,  rudis,  and  vulgaris, 
have  no  comparative,  nor  fuperlative,  degree. 

VERBS 


A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE   of  the 

VERBS 

Are  a  part  of  fpeech,  that  fignify  the  being,  or 
,  of  perfons  and  things. 

The  Latin  language  makes  ufe  of  four  different 
kinds  of  verbs  ;  active,  pajfive,  deponent,  and  neuter. 

It  has  two  voices  ;  the  active  voice,  which  ends 
in  o  ;  as  amo,  I  love :  The  pa/ive  voice,  which  ends 
in  or;  as  amor,  I  am  loved. 

The  active  verb  expreffes  an  a£lion,  that  termin- 
ates on  a  fubfequent  object,  either  exprefTed  or 
underltood.  As,  fcribo  literas,  1  write  letters. 
Here  the  action  of  writing  terminates  on  the  ob~ 
ject,  letters. 

A  verb  pajfivs  exprelfes  an  action  that  is  done 
to  the  nominative  word,  by  one  perfon.  or  thing,  to 
another  perfon,  or  thing.  As,  Casjar  occifus  fuit  Bru- 
to,  Cccfar  was  killed  by  Brutus.  Theagenttoapaffive 
verb  is  fometimes  exprefled,  and  fometimes  under- 
flood;  the  agent  is  ever  in  the  dative,  or  ablative,  cafe. 

Verbs  deponent  end  like  verbs  paffive  ;  and  yet 
have  either  an  active  fignification;  as,fec[uor,  I  fol- 
low ;  or  a  neuter  fignification  ;  as,  glorior,  I  boafl. 

A  verb  neuter  exprefles  the  fimple  ftate,  or  ex- 
i Hence,  of  a  perfon,  or  thing.  As,  Sum,  I  am  ; 
Pallefco,  I  grow  pale ;  Sedco,  I  fit. 

MODE  is  the  manner  of  exprefling  the  doing,  or 
acting,  of  perfons,  or  things,  of  which  there  are 
four  :  The  Indicative,  the  Imperative,  the  Conjunc- 
tive, and  the  Infinitive. 

When  the  fimple  exiflence  of  an  action  is  de- 
clared, the  verb  is  put  in  the  Indicative  mode  ;  as, 
fcribit,  he  writes. 

A  command  puts  the  verb  in  the  Imperative 
mode  ;  as  fcnbe  ;  write  thou.  This  mode  may  be 
called  the  cammanding  mode.  When 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.         25 

When  an  a£ion  is  contingent,  or  doubtful ;  or 
when  power,  obligation,  duty,  inclination,  and  liberty 
are  exprefled  by  the  verb,  it  is  then  put  in  the 
Conjunctive  mode.  As,  fi  amem,  if  I  love. 

The  Infinitive  mode  exprefles  being  and  afting 
without  any  limitation  whatever.  As.amare ,to  love. 

To  exprefs  the  different  times,  in  which  aftions 
are  done,   the  Latins   make   ufe  of   fix    different 
times :  The  frefent  time,  the  imperfect  time,  the  per- 
fect  time,  the  pluperfect  time,  the  Jirjl  future  time, 
and  the  fecond  future  time. 

The  prcfent  time  exprefles  the  preterit  doing  of 
an  aftion.  As,  fcnbo,  I  write,  or  am  writing. 

The  imperfecl  time  exprefles  an  aftion,  that  was 
doing  while  fome  other  a&ion  palled.  As,facic~ 
bat  pennam,  he  made  a  pen. 

The  perfett  time  fpeaks  of  an  action  already 
paiTed  and  completed.  As,  audivi,  I  have  heard. 

The  pluperfecl  time  exprefTes  an  adion,  that  was 
finifhed  prior  to  the  finifhing  of  fome  other  ac- 
tion mentioned,  in  the  fentence.  As,  hi  pueri 
legerant  prele&iones,  antequam  preceptor  venijfet. 

Thzfirft  future  time  exprefles  an  a6Hon,  that  is 
to  take  place  hereafter.  As,  de  officio  monebotQS, 
I  lhall  admonifh  them  of  their  duty. 

The  fecond  future  time  exprefles   an  a6lion,  that 

will   be  accomplifhed,  when  fome  future   event 

fhall  be   prefent.     As,   finem   legendi    Virgilium 

fecerit,  coenandi  tern  pore  ;  at  fupper  time,  he  will 

have  made  an  end  of  reading  Virgil. 

Verbs,  like  pronouns,  have  three  perfons,  in 
both  numbers.  As,  ego  amo,  tu  amas,  Hit  amat+ 
Nos  amamus,  vos  amatis,  illi  amant. 

GERUNDS 

Are  verbal  nouns,  having  both  an  a£live  and 
C  paffive 


a6       ,  A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  .the 

paflive  fignificdtion.  They  may  be  called  nouns 
of  the  fecond  declenfion,  neuter  gender.  As  fuch, 
they  are  complete  in  all  their  cafes,  except  the 
vocative  ;  and  are  thus  declined  : 

N.  Amandum  ;  loving,         or     being  loved. 

G.  Amandi ;  of  loving,   or     of  being  loved. 

D.  Amando  ;  for  loving,  or    for  being  loved* 

A.  Amandum  ;  loving,        or     being  loved. 

V.  ; 

A(  Amando  *  in  loving,  or     in -being  loved. 

SUPINES 

May  be  called  verbal  nouns,  of  which  there  are 
two  ;  amaiitm,  and  amatu*  The  firfl  ends  in  um, 
and. hath  an  aclive  fignification.;  as,  amatum,  to 
love.  The  fecond  ends  in  u,  and  hath  a  paflive 
fignification  ;  as,  amntu,  to  be  loved. 

As  the  neuter  verb,  SUM,  is  often  an  auxiliary, 
Let  it  be,  firfl,  committed  to  memory. 

-DECLINED. 

Pref.  Per.  Inf.  Part. 

Sum,  fui,  effe,  futurus. 

CONJUGATED. 

INDICATIVE   MODE. 

PRESENT  TIME, 

Sing.  Sum,  lam, 

Es,  thou  art, 

Eft.  he  is. 

Plur. 

*  "  The  lupine  in  um  is  a  iubftantive  noun  in  the  accufative  of 
the  fourth  declenfion  ;  and  governed  by  ad  or  in  underftooci.  This 
Supine,  with  the  verb  iri  conflitutes  the  future  of  the  infinitive  paf* 
five,  and  the  fupine  being  a  fubttuutive  nown  never  varies  its  termin- 
ation." 

"  The  Supine  in  u  is  a  fubftantive  noun  of  the  fourth  declenfion, 
in  rite  ablative,  and  governed  by  /»»  e}  or  ex,  underftood." 

JOHN  MAIR,  A.  M. 


LATIN    LANGUAGE. 


Plur.  Sumus, 
Eftis, 
Sunt. 

Sing.  Eram, 
Eras, 
Erat. 

Plur.  Eramus, 
Eratis, 
Erant. 

Sing.  Fui;  - 
Fuifli, 
Fuit. 

Plur.  Fuimus, 
Fulfils, 


Sing. 


We  are, 
you  are, 
ikty  arc. 

IMPERFECT  TIME. 
1  was, 
thou  waft, 
he  was. 
We  wtre, 
you  -were, 
they  were, 
PERFECT  TIME. 

/  have  been, 
thou  haft  beenr 
he  has  been. 
We  have  been, 
you  have  been, 
Fuerunt,  or  fuere.     they  have  been, 

PLUPERFECT  TIME. 
Fuerarn,  I  had  been, 

Fueras, 
Fuerat. 

Plur.  Fueramus, 
FueratiSj 


Fuerant. 

Sing.  Ero, 

Eris, 

Erit. 
Plur.  Erimus, 

Eritis, 

Erunt, 

Sing.  Fuero, 
Fueris, 
Fuerit. 


thou  had/I 
he  had  been. 
We  had  been, 
you  had  been, 
they  had  been,  . 
FIRST  FUTURE. 

I  Jhall,  or  will  be, 
thoujhalt,  or  wilt  be, 
hejliall.  or  will  be. 
WeJhalLov  luill  be, 
you  Jhall,  or  will  be, 
thcyjhall,  or  will  be. 
SECOND.  FUTURE. 

1 Jhall  have  been, 
thou  Jhdlt  have  been, 
he  Jhall  have  been. 

Plun 


28         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  oj the 

Plur.  Fuerimus,  Wejhall  have  been, 

Fueritis,  youjhall  have,  been, 

Fuerint.  they  JJiall  have  been. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 

PRESENT  TIME. 

Sing.  Es.  efto  ;  eflo.  Be  thou  ;  let  him  be. 

Plur.  Efte,eflote ;  funto.     Be  you  ;  let  them  be. 
CONJUNCTIVE  MODE. 

PRESENT  TIME. 
Sing.  Siiir,  /  can  be, 

Sis,  ihou  can  be, 

Sit.  he  can  be. 

Plur.  STmus,  We  can  be, 

Sitis,  you  can  be, 

Sint.  they  can  be. 

IMPERFECT  TIME. 
Sing.  Effem,  /  might  be, 

Effes,  thou  might  be> 

EfTet.  he  might  be, 

Plur.  Effemus,  We  might  be, 

Eiletis,  you  might  be, 

Effent.  they  might  be. 

PERFECT  TIME. 
Sing.  Fuerim,  7  may  have  been, 

Fueris,  ihou  may  have  been, 

Fuerit.  he  may  have  been. 

Plur.  Fuerimus,  We  may  have  been. 

Fueritis,  you  may  have  been, 

Fuerint.  they  may  have  been. 

PLUPERFECT  TIME. 
Sing.  FuiiTcm,  /  might  have  been, 

FuifTes,  thou  might  have  been, 

Fuiflet.  he  might  have  been. 

Plur.  Fuiffemus,  We  might  have  been, 

FuilFetis,  you  might  have  bec?i, 

FuifTent,  they  might  have  been. 


FIRST 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          29 

FIRST  FUTURE. 

Sing.  Ero,  IJhallbe, 

Eris,  thouJJiall  bet 

Erit.  hejhall  be. 
Plur..  Erim-us,  Wejhalkbc, 

Eritis,  youjhall  be, 

Eirunt.  theyjhall  be,  . 

SECOND  FUTURE. 

Sing.  Fuero,  Ijhallhave  been, 

Fueris,  thoujhall  have  been. 

Fuerit.  hejhall  have  been. 
Plur.  Fuerimus,  Wejhall  have  been, 

FueritiSj  youjhall  have  been, 

Fuerint,  theyjhall  have  been.- 

N.  B.  Conjunctions  implying  doubt,  or  con^ 
ditionality,  put  verbs  in-  the  Conjunctive  Mode,- 
The  Latins  have  no  diftinft  ending  either  for  the 
optative,  or  potential  Mode.  When  power,  duty, 
obligation,  liberty,  or  inclination  are  expreffed,  the 
verb  is  ufed,  in  the  Conjunctive  Mode,  with  thefe 
auxiliaries,  in  Englifh  :  May,  mnjl,  mighty  '  could  ^ 
Jhould,  would,  and  can.-  . 

INFINITIVE  MODE.  PARTICIPLE* 

Pref.  and  Imp.  Efle  ;  to  be.  * 

Per.  and  Plup.  FuifTe ;  to  have  been.         Fiiturus, 
i.  Put.  Futurum  efle  ;  to  bt  about  to  be. 
&.-Fuf.  Futurum  fuifTe;  ^o  havebeen  about  to  be:  , 

R  EGU  L  A  R    VERBS. 
Of  tlie^fe  there   are  four   conjugations,  both  in 
the  aftive  and  pailive  voices. 

f  Firft     1  falongtjrforew&HI  ; 

£   \  Second  I  *,   J  e  long  before  re  &  ri,  {  ! 
H  1  Third  |hatb  1  elh6rt  beforer.,          f1"      ^ 
_t  Fourth  J  [I  long  before  re  &  ri,  J  ltlve' 

*  From  this  verb  is  formed  the  participle  «wi"butUi*  ttf«d'  b/ 
franh"(icians  only,  Ca 


go         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

ACTIVE     VOICE. 

DECLINED, 


Pref. 

Per. 

Inf. 

Sup. 

X. 

Amo, 

amare, 

amavi, 

amatum* 

2. 

Doceo, 

do  cere, 

docui, 

doftum. 

3- 

Lego, 

legere, 

legi, 

leftum. 

Audio, 

audire, 

audivi. 

auditum« 

C 

O  N  J  U 

GATE 

D. 

INDICATIVE   MODE. 

Prefsnt 

Time. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

^  I  love,    thou  lovejl,  he  loves. 

We  love, 

ye  love.,     they  love. 

t. 

Amo,           as, 

at. 

amus, 

atis,            ant. 

2. 

Doceo,       cs, 

et. 

emus, 

etis,            ent. 

3- 

Lego,          is, 

it. 

imus, 

itis,            unt.* 

4. 

Audio,        is, 

it. 

imus, 

ItiSj            iunt. 

Imperfeft   Time, 

Sing. 

Plur. 

/  loved,  &ct 

We  loved,  &c. 

*. 

Amabam, 

as,          at. 

bamus, 

batis,          ba-    . 

2. 

Docebam, 

as,          at. 

bamus, 

batis, 

3- 

Legebam, 

as,           at. 

bamuSj 

batis, 

4- 

Audiebam, 

as,          at. 

bamus. 

batis,             ant. 

P.      >TVE 

'  Verbs,  in  io  of  tlie  third  conjugation,  are  conjugated  lil\e  Lego 
«nd  Legor,  except  the  following. 

INDICATIVE  MODE. 

Sing.  Pcejent  Time.  Plur. 

3.  Fugio,          is,          it.  j      Fugimus,  itis,          Junto 

Imperfeft  Time. 
3.  Fu^iebam,  iebas,  iebat.        |      Fugiebamus,  iebatis,  iebantt 

Firjl  Future. 
3.  Fugiam,   ies,  iet.  |      Fuglemus,      ielis,       ient. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 

3.  F^ige,    ito  j   ito.  |      Fugite,         itote  j        junto, 

CONJUNCTIVE  MODE. 

Prefent  Time. 
3.  Fvvgiam,       «isf          \*\,       ){    Tii^iarnus,    fotis,       iaot, 


LATIN    LANGUAGE. 


Prtf. 

1.  Arnor, 

2.  Doceor, 

3.  Legor, 

4.  Audior, 


PASSIVE     VOICE. 
DECLINED. 

Inf.  Per. 

amari,  amatus  fum,  or  fui, 

doceri,  doctus   fum,  or  fui. 

legi,  leclus    fum,  or  fui. 

audlri,  auditus  fum,  or  fui. 

CONJUGATED. 

IN-DICATIVE  MODE. 
Prefent  Time. 

Plur. 
We  are  loved,   &c. 


&c. 


Sing. 

/  am  loved 

Amor,  aris  or  are,  atur. 
Doceor,  eris  or  ere,  etuf. 
Legor,  eris  or  ere,  itur. 
Audior,  Iris  or  Ire,  Itur. 


amur, 
emur, 
imur, 
Imur, 


amini, 
emmi, 
imini, 
imini, 


antur, 
entur. 
untur.4 
iuntur, 


Imperfeft  Time. 
Sing. 

/  was  lived,  &c. 
Amabar,     aris  or  are,  atur. 
Docebar,    aris  or  are,  atur. 
Legebar,    aris  or  are.  atur. 
Audiebar.  aris  or  are,  atur. 


Plur. 

We  were  loved,  &c. 
bamur,        bamini,        bantur. 
bamur,        bamini,        bantur, 
bam  or,        bamini,        bantur. 
bamur,       bamini,       bantur* 

ACTIVE 


*  INDICATIVE  MODE. 

Sing.  Preftnt  Time.  Plur. 

3  Fugior,  eris  or  ere,  itur.  )      Fugimur,  imini,    iuntur, 

Imperfeft  Time. 
3.  Fugiebar,  rebaris  or  iebare,  iebatur.  |  iebamur,  iebamini,  iebantur, 

Firft   Future. 
3.  Fugiar,  ierij»  or  iere,  ietur.          |     Fugiemur,  icmini,  ientur. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 

3.  Fugere,  itorj  itor.  j    Fugirnini;  iuntor. 

CONJUNCTIVE   MODE. 

Prefent  Time. 
3^  Fugiar,  iaris  or  iare;  iatur(         |    Fugiamur,  iamini,  iantur. 


^GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  tftg 
A,C  .  T  I  V  E    V  O  I  C  E, 

Perfecl   Tim. 


Sing. 

I  have  loved,  &c.  . 
i.  Amavi, 
Docui, 

4.  Audivij 


Plur. 

We  have,  loved,  &ca 

iihus,  iftis,  eruntorere,* 


Pluperfect   Time.  . 

Sing,  Plur. 

I  had  Ivved,  &c.  .  We  had  loiitd,  &c.  . 

«.  Amaveram,    "j 

2.  Oocueram,  _  . 

3.  Legeram,         I  ***>  rat'  I  ramUS>   ratlS'   rant' 

4.  Audiveram,  J 


Sing. 
JJhalltove,   &c. 
Amabo,  "1   ,.      ,  . 

TX       -i         >   blS.    bit."     x 
UocebOj  J 

Legam,        es,       et. 
Audianv  ies,,    iet. 

Plur.-. 
Wejhalllove,  &t. 

bimus,      bitis,       bunt. 

emus,        etis,/       ent. 
iemus,      ietis,  ,-     ient,  . 

Second    Future. 

Sing. 
JJhall  have  loved,  &e. 


Plur. 
Wejhall  have  loved,  &c. 


B.  Amavero, 

2.   Docuero, 
3.  Lcgero, 

erisj     erit. 

|      erlraus,     entis,     ei 

4.  AudiverOj 

IMPERATIVE    MODE.    , 

Sing. 

Plur. 

L:0v?9  or  love 

thou,  &c. 

Love  ye,  &c. 

t.  Ama,      ato 

;       ato. 

ate,          atote  ;          anto. 

•2.  Doce,     eto 

;       eto. 

etc,          etote  ;         ento*. 

3-  I-ege,     ito 

;      ito. 

itc,           itote  ;         unto. 

4.  Audi;    ito 

.       Jto, 

ite,          itote  ;         iunto. 

PASSIVE 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.          33 
PASSIVE     VOICE. 

Ptrjtft    Time. 

Sing.  Plur. 

I  have  been  loved,    &c,  We  hav;  been  loved,  &c. 


°r 


. 

i  f  umus,  j  eftiSj  i  font, 

or  cr  fuerunt, 

fuimus  ;  fuiftis  ;  or  fueie, 


t.  Amatus, 

2.  Doaus,      I    fum'  es» 

3.  Letlus,        '    °T  e  ^. 

4.  Auditusjfui;fuifli;fuit- 

Pluperfect 

Sing.  Plur. 

/  Aad  &«t  kved,    &c.  JF«  Afi<f  A«n  loved,  &c. 


V   n"1^!^'  f  ^ram'         eras»         erat>      1  *  er5mus>     »  eratis,     i 

?'  Leftus     r    °r  *""  °r  OT  °r 

"'         ,_  »    V  fueram  ;     fueras  ;     fuerat.  I  fuiramus  ;     fueratis  ; 

4»  Auoitus,  j 

Firjl  Future, 

Sing.  Plur. 

Ifhallbe  loved,  &c.  Wefiallbt  loved,  &c. 

1,  Amabor,  Y|^rjs  or  bcre,  bitur.  I  bimur.    bimini,  buntur, 

2.  Doceoor, 


3.  Legar,          eris     or  ere,     etur. 

4.  Audiar,      ieris  or  iere,    ietur. 


emur,     emini,    entur. 
iemur,    iemmi,  ientur, 


Second  Future. 

Sing.  Plur. 

IJhall  have  loved,  &c.  Weffiall  have  loved,  &c, 

1.  Amatus,  "| 

2.  Docfcus,  i 

vero,  ens.  ent.       erimus.     entis.     erunt, 

3.  Ledus,      | 

4.  Auditus.  J 

IMPERATIVE    MODE. 

Sing.  Plur. 

Let  thee  be  loved,  &c.  Let  you  be  loved,  &c. 

i,  Amare,        ator  ;      ator.         a  mini,  antor. 

emini,  entor. 

immi,  untur. 

immi,  iuntur. 

ACTIVE 


2.  Decere,      etor  ; 

3.  Legere,       itor  ;       Ttor. 

4.  AiuiTre.      Itor  ;        Itor. 


34        -A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE,  of  the 
ACTIVE     VOICE, 

CONJUNCTIVE    MODE. 
Prefent  Time. 


Sing. 
/  can  love,  &c. 

1.  Amem,         es,  et. 

2.  Doceam,      eas,  eat. 

3.  Legam,         as,  at. 

4.  Audiam,      ias,  iat. 


Plur. 

We  can  love,  Sec. 
emus,         etis,  cnt; 

eamus,        eatis, 
amus,          atis, 

,        iatis, 


lamus,        iatis 

Imperfect  Time. 

Plur. 
We  might  tw(, 


cant. 

ant. 

iant. 


Sing* 

I  might  love,  &c. 
i.  Amarem, 

3!  Lege'reT; 
4.  Audirem, 


Ptrfttt   Time. 

Sing. 

I  might  have  Icved,  &c. 
i.  Amaverim, 
2.-  Docuerim, 
3,-Legerim, 


rent 


Plur. 
We  might  have  loved,  & 


c*, 


4.  Audivcrim, 


Sing. 


1.  Amaviffem, 

2.  Docuiflcm: 

3.  Lcgiffcra, 

4.  Audiviilem, 


Sing. 


jerit.  erimus,      cntis,     crmt, 

Pluperjcft    Time. 

Plur. 

loved,  &c, 

,    ifletis,   iffent. 

and  Second   Future. 

Plur. 


IJhalllove,  or  IJhalLJiave  lov:dt  &c.  We  Jhall  love,  &c.  or 

1.  Amaveroj     ^  Wcjhallliave  loved,  &c 

2.  Docuero. 

3.  Lc-Jero,          f    cris>     crit'        '       WiWUS,     erltis,    ermt, 

4.  Audivcro,   J. 

PASSIVE 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.         35 

PASSIVE     VOICE. 

CONJUNCTIVE    MODE. 
Prefent    Tim;. 

Sing.  Plur. 

/  can  be.  loved,  &c.  We.  can  be.  Loved ,  &c^ 

1.  Amer,  eris  or  ere,    etur.        |  emur,     emini,     entur, 

2.  Docear,  "1 

3.  Legar,       I  arfs  or  are,  atur.  |  amur,     amini,     antur, 

4.  Audiar,   J 

Impcrjdi    Time. 

Sing.  Plur. 

I  might  be  loved,  &c.  We  might  be  loved t  &c, 

1.  Amarer,     "| 

2.  Docerer,       _  . 

Leo"  /ens  or  ere,  ctur.     j    emur,     emmi.     entur, 

4.  Audlrcr,   J 

Perfett   Time. 

Sing.  Plur. 

I  might  have  been  loved,  &c.       #"*  ;/;?>/:/  Aai'tf  ^«n  /f>t-f</.  &c, 
.  Amatus, 


^.Dodus,   (fim,          fis,       fit, 


.  AudItus,Jfucrim;fueris;fuerit. 


i  ilmus,    i    fitis.    i  (int, 


or 


i  uerimus;  fucntis;  fucrint. 


PlurpcrfcZ   Time. 

Sing. 

I  might  had  been  loveJ.  &.c.         7/>  might  had  been  loved,  &c. 
.  Amatus,    " 


„• 

effe8' 


cr 


r.' Auduus,  )  fuifl["ern  ;  fullTes  ;  fuillbt' 


i  e:Temus,     i  effetis,     i  cffcnt, 


or 


fuiftemr.s  ;    fuiftetis  ;    fuiflent. 


Firfl  and  Second  Future. 

Sing.  Plur. 

.  Atr'tus,    S  Ifn'd  ce  lci-?d,  &c.  "V  Jkall  be  hvcd,  &c, 

.  Dofv.usf     Q     ero,          e:i«,          ent.  crmus,.       er'tis,       erunt. 

fderlmus,     fucrltis,      fuerint, 

ACTIVE 


,  Le£lt:s,      f"  /^^//  Afiir  ^««  «'tfw^t  &c. 
,  Audl:u5,  )   i'uero,       fucris^      fuait. 


A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  t/io 

ACTIVE     VOICE. 

INFINITIVE   MODE. 

Prefent  and  Imperfecl  Times. 

1.  Amare,  to  love  ;  3.  Legere,  to  read  ? 

2.  Docere,  to  teach;  4.  Audi  re,  to  htar. 

Per/eft  and  Pluperfetl  Times. 

1.  Amaviffe,  to  have,  or  had  loved. 

2.  Docuiffe,  to  have,  or  had  tfiught. 

3.  Legiffe,  to  have,  or  had  read. 

4.  Audiviffe,  to  have,  or  had  heard* 

Firft  Future. 

J.  Amaturum  effe,    to  be  about  to  love. 

2.  Dofturum  effe,    to  be  about  to  teach, 

3.  Le&urum  effe,  to  be  about  to  read, 

4.  Auditurum  effe,  to  be  about  to  hear. 

Second  Future. 

ri.  Amaturum  fuiffe,  to  have  been  about  to  love, 
2.  Dofturum  furffe,  to  have  been  about  to  teach. 
;>  Lefturum  fuiffe,  to  have  been  about  to  read. 
4.  Auditurum  fuiffe.,  to  have  been  about  to  hear, 

PARTICIPLES. 

Prefent  Time. 

1.  Amans  ;     loving. 

2.  Doc  ens  ;     teaching. 

3.  Legens  ;     reading. 

4.  Audiens  ;*  hearing. 

Future  in  rus. 

1.  Amaturus  ;  about  to  love. 

2.  Do&urus  ;  about  to  teach. 

3.  Lefturus  ;  about  to  read. 

4.  Auditurus  ;t  about  to  hear* 

PASSIVE 

*  Thefe  are  declined,  like  Capax. 
t  Thefe  are  declined,  like  durut. 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.          37 
PASSIVE      VOICE. 

INFINITIVE  MODE. 
Prefent  and  Imperfecl  Times. 

1.  Amari,  to  be  loved  j        3.  Legi,  to  be,  read  / 

2,  Doceri,  to  be  taught ;     4.  Audlri,  to  be  heard, 

Perfett  and  Pluperfect  Times.. 

1.  Amatum,  *J  Ctohave^  or  had  been  loved. 

2.  Doftum.         ^        f  -n-     I  to  have,  or  had  been  tauzht. 

3.  Leaum,     >  effe  °r  fuifre'  \  to  Jiave,  or  had  been  read. 

4.  Auditum,  J  {to  have,  or  had  bun  Iieard, 

Firft    Future. 

1.  Amatum   iri,  to  be  about  to  be  loved. 

2.  Dotlum    Iri,  to  be  about  to  be  taught. 

3.  Leftum     iri,  to  be  about  to  be  read. 

4.  Auditum  Iri,  to  be  about  to  be  heard. 

Second  Future. 

1.  Amatum  fore,  to  be  about  to  have  "been  loved. 

2.  Doftum  fore,  to  be  about  to  have  been  taught. 

3.  Le&um  fore,  to  be  about  to  have  been  read. 

4.  Auditum  fore,  to  be.  about  to  have,  bten  heard. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perfea   Time. 

i.  Amatus  ;  loved. 
2.Doftus  ;  taught. 

3.  Letlus  ;  read. 

4.  Auditus  ;*  heard* 

Future  in   dus. 

1.  Amandus  ;  to  beloved. 

2.  Docendus  ;  to  be  taught. 
3-  -Legendus  ;  to  be  read. 

4.  Audiendus  ;*  to  be  heard. 

.  GERUNDS 

*  Thefe  arc  declined,  like  durus.  " 

D 


:S8         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of 'the- 

GERUNDS 

'Of  the  four  conjugations  are  thus  declined* 

FIRST  DECLENSION. 
"N,  Amandum  ;  loving,  or  being  loved. 
G.  Amandi ;  of  loving,  or  of  being  loved. 
D.  Amando;  Jftfr  loving,  or  for  being  loved. 
Ac.  Amandum ;  loving,  or  being  loved. 
A*  Amando  ;  in  loving,  or  in  being  loved. 

SECOND  DECLENSION. 
N.  Docendum  ;  teaching,  or  being  taught. 
G.  Docendi ;  of  teaching,  or  of  being  taught. 
D.  Docendo  \  for  teaching,  or  for  being  taught. 
Ac.  Docendum  ;  teaching,  or  being  taught. 
A,  Docendo  -9  in  teaching,  or  m  being  taught. 

THIRD  DECLENSION. 
N.y.Legendum  ;  reading,  or  being  read. 
G.  Lcgendi ;  of  reading,  or  of  being  read. 
D.  Legendo;ybr  reading,  or  for  being  read. 
Ac.  Legcndurn  ;  reading,  or  being  read. 
A.  Legendo  ;  in  reading,  or  in  being  read. 

FOURTH  DECLENSION. 
N.  Audiendum  ;  hearing,  or  being  heard. 
G.  Audiendi ;  of  hearing,  or  of  being  heard. 
D.  Audiendo  ;for  hearing,  or  for  being  heard. 
Ac.  Audiendum  ;  hearing,  or  being  heard. 
.4.  Audiendo ;  in  hearing,  or  in  being  heard. 
SUPINES. 


FIRST  SUPINE. 

1 .  Amatum  ;  to  love. 

2.  DoQum;  to  teach. 

3.  Le&um  ;  to  read. 
4*  Audi  turn;  to  hear. 


SECOND  SUPINE. 

1.  Amatu;  to  be  loved. 

2 .  Doclu ;  to  be  taught. 

3.  Le6hi;  to  be  read. 

4.  Auditu  ;  to  be  heard, 

IRREGULAR 


LATIN:  LANGUAGE. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS, 
DECLINED. 


Pref. 

Pofium, 

Profum^ 

Volo, 

Nolo, 

Malo, 

Edo, 

Eo, 

Fero, 

Fio, 


Infi. 
poffe, 


velle, 

nolle,. 

malle, 

edcre  or 

ire. 

fferre, 

fieri, 

ferri,. 


Per.. 
potuij 
pa'ofui. 


Sup. 


nolui, 

malui, 

edi, 

U'f, 

tali, 

fattus  fum, 
latus  fum, 


itum. 
latum. 


D. 


Sing. 

Poffum,  potes,        potefl. 
Profum}prodeSj      prodefl. 
Volo,     vis, 

nonvis, 

mavis, 


ONJUGATE 
INDICATIVE  MODE. 

Prefent  Time. 

Plur, 

Boflumss.  poteftis, 
ProfumuSjprodeJftis.profunt. 


Nolo, 

Malo, 

Edo, 

Eo, 

Fero, 

Fio, 

Feror, 


vult. 

nonvult. 

mavult. 

edis  ores,  editor  eft. 
is,  it. 

fers,          fert» 
fis,  fit. 

ferris  or  ferre,fertur. 


Volumus,  vultis,       volunt. 
Noldmus,  nonvultis.nolunt. 
Malumus,  mavuhis,  malunt. 
Edirnus,     editis,       edunt.. 
Tmus,         Ttis,  eunt. 

Ferimus,    fertis,       farunt.. 
Fimus,        fitis,         flunt. 
Feriinur,   fenmini,  femnturji. 


Poteram, 
Proderam, 

Volebam,. 

Nolebam, 

Malebam, 

Edebam, 

Ibam, 

Ferebam^ 

Fiebam, 

Ferebar? 


Impcrf^cl  Time, 
Sing. 

\   era«,  erat. 


Plur. 
eramus,     eratis,     erant3 


bias,,  bat. 


s, .  batis,..-bant, 


baris  or  bare,  batur,  j  bamur,  bammi,  bantun 


40         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

Per/eft  Time. 

Sing.  Phtr, 

Potui, 
Profui, 
Volui, 

Nolui,      :     .A. 
Malui      r     "»     Jt'  imus,     iftis,     crunt  or  ere, 

Edi,    ' 
Ivi, 

Tuli, 

Faftus, )    fum,  es,      eft, 


or        or        0r 


J-£tus,  )    fwi ; fuifti  J f art. 


i  fumus,  eilis,  funt,    fuerunt, 

o/*  o/*  or 

fuftnuij  fuiftisj  fu5re, 


Sing. 

Potueram, 
Profueram, 

Volueram, 


Plufe-rftS  Tim. 


JEderam, 
I  v  eram  3 
Tuleram. 


ue,      | 

ieram,   ' 

eram, 

aleram, 


Faftus,  >     eram,       eras,      erat, 

or  or  or 

Latus,  }      fueram  ;  fueras  ;  fuerat. 


i  eramus, 

er 
fueramus,  &c» 


Future  Time. 


Potero, 
Prodero 


Sing. 


"1     er- 
,  / 


er-        erit 


Plur. 
erimus,     erltis,     erunt. 


Volam, 

Malam, 

Edam, 

Ibo,  ibis,     ibit.        |       Ibimus,      ibitis,      Ibunt, 

Film™'    }    CS'      et< 
Ferar,    eris  or  ere,  etur.     |      rerour,        remini,     rentur. 

IMPERATIVE 


LATIN     LANGUAGE. 

IMPERATIVE  MODE. 
PofTum,  Volo,  and  Malo,  have  no  Imperative. 


Sing. 

Plur.  . 

Prodes,  efto; 

efto, 

efte,  eftote  ; 

funto. 

Noli; 

nolito. 

nollts  ; 

nolitotc*-- 

Es,  efto,  ede,  edi 

to  ; 

efto,  edito. 

-  fefte,  edite, 
\  eftote,  editote 

)•  edunto. 

I,  Ito; 

ito. 

ite,  it5te  ; 

eunto. 

Fer,*  ferto  ; 

ferto. 

Ferte,  fertote; 

feranto. 

Fi,  f  Ito  ; 

flto. 

flte^fitote;. 

fiunto. 

forre,  fertor-? 

fertor.  . 

ferirriini  ; 

feruntor> 

Poflim, 
Profim, 
Velim, 
Nolim, 


dam,  ^| 
am,  I 
cram,  f 
lam,  J 


CONJUNCTIVE  MODE.  . 

Prtfe.nl  Time. 
Sing,  Pluri 

is,         it,  j      imu5,         Itis,         int* 

at,  {      Stnus,         atis,         an;T  - 


as, 


Edam, 
Earn 
Feram 
Fiam 

Ferar,     aris  or  are,     atur.      |      amur,     amini, 

Imptrfcft  Tims. 
Sing.  Plur,.  . 


Poffem, 

* 

Prodeffem, 

Vellem,  . 

Nollem, 

Mallem, 
Edeirem,  or- 

>     es,      et^       J       emus,.     €tis,      ent, 

Effem, 

' 

Irem, 

Ferrem, 

Fierenij 

Ferrer,     eris  or  ere,     etur,       j      emur,     emini,-    entur. 

Per/eft 

Z)/V,  duft 


fir  are  put,  by  fyucope,  for  dice,  ducf,  face,  ancj  \ 
Da 


42         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

Pcrf<8  Time. 

Plur, 


cris,     rit.      |      eriraus,     eritis,    erint* 


Potuerim, 

Profuerim, 

Voluerim, 

^Noluerim, 

Maluerim, 

Ederim, 

Iverim, 

Tulerim, 


fim,       fls,       fit, 
or  or         or 

Latus,  }  fuerim  j  fueris  ;  fuerit. 


Sing. 

PotuifTem,  ~] 
ProfuiiTem,  j 
Voluiffem, 


i    fimus, 

or 
fuerimus,  &c, 

Plur. 


Pluperfttt  Time. 


>    iffet' 


,^    eflem,     efles,     eflef,      I      i  eflemus, 

>          or  or  or  or 

Latus,  )fuiffem;  fuiff«s;  fuiflet.  I      fuiffemus,  &c. 


EdifTem, 
Iviflem, 
Tuliffem, 


Sing. 


Future  Time. 


Plur. 


isj     erit,      ]      crimus,     critis,     «runt. 


Potuero, 

Profuero, 

Voluero, 

Noluero, 

Maluexv, 

Edero, 

Ivero, 

Tulero, 

Faftus,  ^      ero,     eris,     crit,      1      i  erimu$9 

>        or         or  or  or 

Latus,  ;  fuero ;  fueris ;  fuerit,  (     fuerimus,  &c. 

JNHNITIVX 


LATIN    LANGUAGE,         43 

INFINITIVE  MODE. 
Prefent  and  Imperfeft  Times. 

Poffe,  Edere  or  effe, 

Prod  effe,  Ire, 

Velle,  Ferre, 

Nolle,  Fieri, 

Malle,  Ferri. 

Perfett  and  Pluperfect  Time* 

Potuiffe,  Ediffe, 

Profuiffe,  Iviffe, 

Voluiffe,  Tuliffe, 

Noluiffe,  Fadum  effe,  or  fuiffe, 

MaluifTe,  Latum  effe,  or  fuiffe, 

Future  Time. 
Poffum,  wlo,  nolo,  and  malo  have  no  future. 

Profore,  or  profuturum  effe, 

Efurum  effe, 

Ituruni  effe, 

Laturum  effe, 

Fa£tum  iri, 

Latum  iri. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Prefent  Time. 

Volens,  Nolens.  Makns.   Edens,  ferens,  Potens^ 
lens,  Gen.  euntis,  Dat.  eunti,  &c. 

Perfect  Tit,  •  - 
Fa6lus,  Latus.     Tjbe  others  are  wanting, 

FutP'c  in  rus  ard  dvs. 
Fafturus,  Laturus,  Iturus,  faciendiis. 


#£        ^'GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

The  GERUNDS  and  SUPINES  are  declined,  like 
thofe  of  regular  verbs. 

The  compounds  of  Fero  are  conjugated,  like 
Fero;  affero,  aufero,  confero,  differo,  exfero,  in- 
fero,  ofFero;  alfo,  circumfero,  defero,  antefero, 
perfero,  praefero,  profero,  refero,  fufFero,  transfero. 

The  compounds  of  £o  are  conjugated,  like  Eo : 
As,  abeo,  adeo,  exeo,  obeo,  redeo,  fubeo,  pereo, 
coeo,ineo,praeeo,anteeo,  prodeo,  praetereo,  tranfeo, 
queo,  and  nequeo.  The  two  laft  have  no  impe- 
rative Mode. 

The  compounds  of  Edo  are  conjugated,  like 
£do.i  As  comedo,  exedo,  &c. 

PARTI  CI  PLES 

Are  derived  from  verbs,  and  they  have  the  na* 
tare  of  nouns,  adjectives,  and  verbs. . 

As  nouns,  they  are  declined  with  gender,  num*- 
ber,  and  cafe ;  and  are  frequently  ufed  as  the  a* 
gent,  or  nominative  word,  to  ar  following  verb. 

In  the  nature  of  adjectives,  they  are  ufed  to 
exprefs  the  qualities  and  circumflances  of  the 
nouns  to  which  they  are  joined.  As,  homo  do&vs 
in  theologia,  a  man  learned,  in  divinity. 

In  the  nature  of  verbs,  they  have  both  an  active 
and  paffive  fignification  ;  and  they  govern  the 
fame  cafes  as  the  verbs  from  which  they  are  de~ 
rived  govern. 

Of  participles,  there  are  four  kinds. 

1.  The  prefent  time  active,  ending   in   ans  or 
ins ;  as,  amans,  loving  ;  docens,  teaching. 

2.  The  perfect   time  paffive,  ending  in  us;  as, 
tmatus,  loved. 

3.  The  future  active  in  W;  as,amaturus,  about 
to  love, 

<  The- 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.         45 

4.  The  future  paffive  in  dus ;  as,  amandus,  to  be 
loved. 

The  words  that  end  in  bundus ;  as,  errabundus, 
populabitndus,  ludabundus,  are  adjective  nouns,  near- 
ly refembling  the  nature  of  participles. 

Deponent  verbs  form  their  participles,  like  ac- 
tive verbs ;  as,  loquor,  fequor  ;  partic.  loqucns,  fe- 
quens. 

Participles  may  be  compared  ;  as, 

Pof.  Com.  Super. 

Amans,  amantior,  amantiflimus, 

Loving,  more  loving,          mojl  loving. 

Dodus,  dodior,  doftiflimus, 

Learned,  more  learned,  mojl  learned* 

ADVERBS 

Are  ufecl  to  qualify  the  meaning  of  the  words, 
with  which  they  are  united.  They  may  qualify 
nouns,  adjeftives,  verbs,  participles,  and  adverbs. 
Nouns,  as,  fere  circulus,  almoft  a  circle  ;  adjec- 
tives, as,  valde  pins,  very  pious;  verbs,  as,  benc 
Jcribit,  he  writes  well ;  participles,  as,  magis  doftus, 
more  learned ;  adverbs,  as,  valde  velociter,  very 
fwiftly. 

Adverbs,  derived  from  adjectives,  have  the  de« 
grees  of  comparison. 

Pof.  Com.  Super. 

Do&e,  dodius,  dodiflime. 

Learnedly,  more  learnedly,         mojl  learnedly, 

CONJUNCTIONS 

Connecl:    words    and   fentences    together,    andt 
are  either  ccnjunftive  or  disjunctive. 


46         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

Conjunctive,  or  copulative  conjunctions,  con- 
nect: many  words  together  and  continue  the  fenfe  ; 
as,  quorum  tu,  et  frequentiam  videre,  et  fludia 
perfpicere,  et  voces  paulo  ante  exaudire  potuifti. 

Disjwftwc  conjunctions  connect  words  togeth- 
er ;  but  exprefs  oppofition  in  the  fenfe  ;  as,  hi 
funt  homines  ex  his  coloniis,  quas  Fefulis 
Sulla  conftituit; — -fed  tamen  hi  funt  coloni . 

Conjunctions  are  often  underftood;  as,  abiit, 
exceffit,  evafit,  erupit. 

The  diflributions  of  adverfative,  concejjive,  cauf- 
al}  •  conditional,  exceptive,  illative,  interrogative,  per- 
Jtflive,  rejtriftive,  fufpenfive,  expletive,  ordinative,. 
&c.  are  more  perplexing,  than  inftru&ive,  to  the 
pupil. 

PREPOSITIONS 

Are  ufed  to    fignify  the   relation,   that   nouns,. 
in  apportion,  have  to  each    otlier..    As,    fuftulifc 
palmas  ad  fidera  ;  he  raifed  his  hands  to  the  ftars. 
In  this  relation,  they  govern  the.  noun    that   fol«. 
lows  them. 

They  are  often  ufed,  in  compofition  with  nouns, 
adjectives,  verbs,  and   adverbs.     In  this  compofi- 
tion, they   frequently  alter  the  fignification  of  the^ 
primitive  word.  As,  w^7w,ufeful ;  inutilis,  unufeful. 

INTERJECTIONS 

Denote  fome  fudden  emotion,  or  pajfion  of  the 
mind.  As,  0  tempera  I  0  mores  !  O  the  times  1 
O  the  manners ! 

N.  B.  Adverbs,  Conjunctions,  Prepofitions,  and 
Interjections  are  undeclined;  that  is,  they  do  not 
change  their  endings  like  the  other  parts  of  fpeech. 

SYNTAX* 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.         47 


SYNTAX. 


OYNTAX  teaches  the  due  conflruc- 
tion  of  language,  the  mutual  c&nne&ion  between 
the  different  parts  of  fpeech;  and  the  influence 
that  one  word  has  upon  another. 

To  parfe  the  Latin  language  fyflematically  the 
following  rules  are  neceffary. 

NOUNS. 

NOMINATIVE  CASE. 

RULE  I. 
The  nominative  cafe  governs  the  verb. 

As,  Deus  creavit   mundum  j    God  created   the 
world. 

Remarks. 

1.  To  find  the   governing  nominative,  aflc  the 
queftion,  who  ?  which  ?  what  ?  The  anfwer  is  the 
nominative.  As,  who  created  the  world  ?  Anfwer, 
Deus.     Dens  is,  therefore,  the  nominative. 

2.  A  noun,  in  the  nominative  fingular.  when 
followed  by  another  noun  in  the  ablative,  govern- 
ed by  cum,  often  governs  a  plural   verb  ;    and  it 
may  alfo  take  a  plural    adjective,  -or   participle. 
As,  Quirinus,  curn  fratre,  jura  dabunt.     Cadmus,. 
cum  uxore,  in  dracones  convcrji  funt, 

RULB 


j$         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

RULE  II. 

The  verb  agrees  with  its  nominative  cafe,  in 
number  and  perfon. 

As,  mali  pueri  ludurit,  in  fchola  ;  naughty  bop 
flay,  at  fchool. 

Remark. 

The  nominative  cafe,  when  it  is  a  pronoun,  is 
feldom  exprefled,  except  when  the  fentence  is 
cmphatical. 

RULE  III. 

A  verb,  in  the  infinitive  mode,  may  do  the  of- 
fice of  a  nominative  cafe  to  a  verb. 

As,  negligere  tuzs  praeleftiones  eft  turpe;  to  neg- 
left  thy  leffons  is  bafe. 

RULE  IV. 

A  member  of  a  fentence  may  do  the  office  of  a 
nominative  cafe  to  a  verb. 

As,  ingenuas  difcere  fiddlier  artes  emollit  mores 
hominum;  to  learn- faithfully  the  liberal  artsfoft- 
tns  the  manners  of  men. 

RULE  V. 

An  adverb  of  time,  place,  or  quantity,  governing 
the  genitive,  may  be  ufed  as  a  nominative  to  a 
verb. 

As,  partim  virorum  ceciderunt  in  bello ;  part  of 
the  men  have  fallen  in  battle.  Nufqitam  loci  in~ 
vcnitur ;  no  place  is  found. 

RULE  VI. 

A  noun  of  multitude  fingular  may  govern  & 
Verb  in  the  plural  number. 

As,  turba  ruunt ;  the  multitude  ruJJi  on. 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.         49 

RULE  VII. 

Two,  or  more  nouns  fingular,  may  have  a 
verb,  adjective,  and  pronoun,  in  the  plural,  to 
agree  with  them. 

As,  pater  ejus  et  mater  funtpii ;  his  father  and 
mother  are  pious. 

Remarks. 

1.  When  the  nouns   are  of  different  genders, 
the  adjective  and  pronoun  muft  be  of  the   moft 
worthy  gender. 

2.  The  fir  ft    perfon  is   more    worthy  than  the 
fecond  ;  the  fecond.  more  worthy  than  the  third  : 
Alfo   the  mafculine  gender  is  more  worthy  than 
the   feminine  ;    and  the  feminine,  more   worthy 
than   the  neuter;  but,  in  things   without  life,   the 
neuter  is  moft  worthy.     In  this  inftance,  the  ad- 
jeclive  and  pronoun  muft  be  in  the  neuter  gen- 
der.    As,  haec  charta  et  fcalpellum  funt  mala* 

RULE   VIII. 

A  verb,  between  tivo  nominatives  of  different 
numbers,  may  agree  with  either. 

As,  amantium  ircc  amoris  integratio  eft,  the 
quarreh  of  lovers  is  the  renewal  of  love, 

GENITIVE    CASE, 
RULE  L 

Two  nouns,  in  conjun&ion  and  implying 
erty,  will  have  the  latter  in  the  genitive  cafe. 
As,  bonitas  Dti  ;  the  goodhefs  of  God. 

RULE  IL 

Several  nouns  together,  meaning  the  fame 
thing,  agree  in  the  fame  cafe,  by  appofition. 

£  A«, 


go         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  temeritas,  imago  fluid,  oflendit  animum 
muliebrem  ;  temerity,  the  figure  of  a  fool,  Ihews 
a  womanifti  mind. 

Remarks. 

1.  A  plural  noun  may  be  fet  In  apportion  to  a 
(jugular  noun  ;  and  a  fingular  noun  may  be  fet  in 
appofition  to  a  plural  noun.     And  nouns,  in  ap- 
pofition,  may  be  of  different  genders. 

2.  After  the  enumeration  of  many  particulars, 
whofe  nouns  may  indifferently  be  cf  either  num- 
ber, a  fingular  noun  may  include  them  all,  and 
be  fet  in  appofition  to  them. 

3.  When  a  common  noun,  in  the  plural,  is  fet 
in  appofition   to  two,  or   more,    proper  names  of 
different  genders,  the   common  noun   mull  be  of 
the  moft    worthy    gender.      As^    ad    Ptolomeum 
Cleopatramque  reges  legati  mifli. 

RULE  III. 

If  an  adjective  of  praife,  or  difpraife,  be  joined 
to  the  latter  noun,  it  may  be  either  in  the  geni- 
tive, or  ablative,  cafe. 

As,  vir  nulla  fide  ;  a  man  of  no  faith.  Ingenui 
vultus  puer,  ingenuique  pudoris  ;  a  lad  of  an  ingenu- 
ous countenance  and  of  ingenuous  modejly.* 

Remarks. 

1.  The  latter  noun  is  often  put  in  the  dative. 
As,  hominibus  Deus  eft.  pater  ;  God  is  the  father  of 
men. 

2.  The 

*  <{  When, the  latter  fubdantive  is  put  in  the  ablative,  fome  prepofition, 
fuch  as,  cum,  de,  ex,  int  a,  at>,  with  ens,  exiJlf.ns,natiis)praditus1aJfeclustQr 
fthe  like,  is  undcrftood.  AS,  home  injinnA  wlctudm:  ;  i.  c.  ajjMus  ah,  &c." 

JOHN    MAIR,  A.  M. 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          5t 

2.  The  latter  noun  is  fometimes  changed  into  a 
poiTeflive  adje&tve.     As,  patris  dornus,  the  houfe 
of  my  father  ;  changed,  paierna  domus,  my  pater- 
nal houfe. 

3.  When  the  former  noun  is  omitted,  by  an  el- 
lipiis,  the  latter  is  dill   in  the  genitive.     As,  ven- 
tum  erat  ad  Veftce  ;   when   they   had  come  to  the 
temple    of   the   goddefs     Vejla.       Here    templian   is 
omitted  by  an  ellipfis. 

DATIVE   CASE. 

Nouns,  that  are  compounded  with  con,  govern 
the  dative. 

As,  multi  fuerunt  commilitiones  Jafoni  et  corr- 
gerrones  d,  cum  vellus  aureurra  furatus  fuit  ; 
many  were  fellow  foldiers  and  companions  with 
Jafon,  when  he  flole  the  golden  fleece. 

ABLATIVE  CASE. 
RULE  I. 

Two  nouns,  in  conjunction,  and  the  latter  ex- 
prefling  fome  property,  or  manner,  or  reafon,  be- 
longing to  the  former,  the  latter  mull  be  in  the 
ablative. 

As,  tu  es  filius  ejus  ortu  ;  you  are  his  fon,  iy 
birth.  Nomine  et  nation*  ille  eii  Gailus  ;  he  is  a- 
Frenchman,  by  name  and  nation. 

Remark* 

The  latter  noun  fometimes  admits  the  prepofi- 
tion  ex,  before  it.  As,  Anglus  ex  natione  ;  an 
Englifhman  by  nation,. 

XJBLB 


52         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

RULE  II. 

The  nouns,  opus  and  ufus  fignifying  need,  govern 
the  ablative,  and  fometimes  the  genitive,  of  the 
thing  ;  and  always  a  dative  of  the  perfon  exprelT- 
ed,  or  underftood. 

As,  au&oritatt  tua  nobis  eft  opus  ;  we  have  need 
of  your  authority. 

A  GENERAL  RULE. 

A  noun,  derived  from  a  verb  often  governs  a 
following  verb,  in  the  fame  cafe,  as  the  verb, 
from  which  it  is  derived,  would  govern. 

As,  reditio  domum  ;  his  return  home.  Traditio 
alteri ;  a  delivery  to  another. 

RELATIVES. 
RULE  I. 

The  relative  agrees  with  its  antecedent,  in  nunW 
ber,  gender,  and  perfon. 

As,  homo,  qui  leges  obfervat,  eft  laudatus  ;  the 
manjZvho  regards  the  laws,  is  to  be  commended. 

RULE  II. 

When  there  is  no  nominative  between  the  rela- 
tive and  the  verb,  the  relative  is  the  nominative. 

As,  foemina,  qua:  cafta  eft,  amatur  ;  a  woman, 
wko  is  chafte,  is  loved. 

RULE  III. 

When  a  nominative  comes  between  the  relative 
and  the  verb,  the  relative  is  governed  by  the  verb, 
or  by  fome  other  word  in  the  fentence,  on  which 
it  depends. 

As,  Deus,  'quern  colimus,  qui  fabricavit  mun- 
dum;  cujus  muncrc  vivimus,  et  a  quo  confervamur, 

eft 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.          53 

eft  eternus  ;  God,  whom  we  worihip,  who  made 
the  world,  by  wkofe  favour  we  live,  and  by  whom 
we  are  preferred,  is  eternal. 

RULE  IV.. 

A  member  of  a  fentence  is  often  the  antecedent 
to  a  relative. 

As,  amicus  meus  mortuus  eft,  quod  mihi  dolori  efl  5 
my  friend  is  dead,  which  is  a  grief  tome. 

Remarks.. 

1.  When  the  member  of  a  fentence  is  the  ante- 
cedent to  a  relative,  the  relative  mud  ever  be  the 
third  perfon  fingular  and  neuter  gender. 

2.  When  two    members   of  a  compound  Ten- 
ten  ce,  are  the  antecedent  to  a  relative,  the  relative 
muft  ever  be  in  the  third  perfon  plural  and  neuter 
gender.    As,  penfum  meum  Laiinum  compofui,  et 
fingulam  explicare  fententiam  polfum,  qua:  pras- 
ceptori  placent. 

3.  Two,  or   more,  antecedent  nouns    fingular 
will  have  a  relative  plural,  which  muft  agree  with 
the  moft  worthy  perfon  and  gender. 

4.  Interrogatives  andfometimes  indefinites  come 
under  the  rules  of  relative  pronouns. 

5.  A  pofleffive  pronoun  is,  fometimes,  the  an- 
tecedent to  a  relative.     As,  omnes   laudare  fortu- 
nas  meas,  qui  baberem  gnafeum  tali  ingenio  praedi-- 
tum, 

PRONOUNS, 

RULE  I» 

To  exprefsva  perfon  the  Latins  mfe  the  genitive 
cafes  of  the  primitive  perfonal  pronouns,  mei,  tui^. 
Jiii,  nojlrij  and  vejtri. 

E  a- 


54         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  amor  mei,  the  love  of  me  ;  pars  tui,  part  of 
thec. 

RULE  II. 

To  exprefs  poffeflion,  or   property,   the  Latins 

ufe  meus,  tuus,fuus,  nojler,  and  vcjler. 
As,  noftcr  dominus  ;  our  mailer. 

Remarks. 

1.  The   poffeffive  pronoun,   agreeing  with  its 
fubftantive,  may  be  ufed  in   lieu  of  the  genitive 
cafe  of  the    perfonal   pronoun  ;    and,  when  thus 
ufed,  it  may  govern  any  other  noun,   in  the  geni- 
tive.    As,  nojlra  omnium  metnoria. 

2.  Sui  and  fuus  are   reciprocal  pronouns.     As, 
jugulavit  fe  illius  gladio. 

3.  Ille  and   ifte   are   demonftrative    pronouns. 
When  we  f peak  in  praife  of  a  perfon,  we  ufe  ille  ; 
as  Petrus  Czar,  ille  magnus,   Peter  Czar,  the  great. 
When  we  fpeak  in  the   difpraife  of  a  perfon,  we 
ufe  ifte  ;  Benedi&us  Arnold,  ifte  perjidus,  Benedict: 
Arnold,  the  traitor. 

ADJECTIVES. 
GENERAL  RULE. 

The  adje&ive,  pronoun,   and  participle    agree 
with  their  nouns,  in  number,  cafe,  and  gender. 
As,  -puerjludiojiis  ;  zjludious  boy. 

Remark. 

The  noun  is  often  not  exprefTed  ;  and,  then,  if 
the  word,  man,  be  underftood,  the  adje&ive,  pro- 
noun, or  participle  muft  be  in  the  mafculine  gen- 
der :  If  thing,  or  any  fuch  general  word  be  under- 
ftood;  the  adje&ive,  &c,  muft  be  in  the  neuter 

gender%. 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.        55 

gender.     In  either  cafe,  the   adjective,  &c.  may 
have  the  government  and  ufe  of  nouns. 

GENITIVE    CASE. 
RULE  I. 

Adje&ives,  that  exprefs  an  affe&ion  of  the 
mind,  govern  the  genitive. 

As,  iecurus  amorum  germanse  ;  regardlefs  of  his- 
filler's  love.  Reus  majeflatis  -3  guilty  of  trcafon. 

Remark. 

To  this  rule  belong,  anxius,  docilis,  callidus,  curi* 
of  us,  dubius,  eruditus,  maturus,  parcus3.8cc. 

RULE  II. 

An  adjeclive,  or  pronoun,  put  in  the  neuter 
gender  abfolute,  may  govern  a  genitive. 

As,  tantum-  calamitatis  eft,  nefcio   quid  confilii 
eapiam  ;    there  is  fo   much  calamity,  I   know  nofc: 
what  counfel  I  fhall  take. 

RULE  III. 

Adjeftives,  that  fignify  plenty,  or  want^  govern, 
the  genitive. 

As,  dives  opum  ;  abounding  in  wealth.  Puer 
otiofus  inops  efl  mentis  ;  an  idle  boy  is  void  of 

under/landing. 

RULE  IV. 

Partitives,  numerals,  interrogative^  compara- 
tives, fuperlatives,  and  adjectives  taken  parti tive- 
ly,  govern  the  genitive  plural. 

As,  una  fororum ;  one  of  the  fiflers. 
Primus  hominum  ;  thejirft  of  men. 
;  the  elder  of  brothers. 


5,6        A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE   of  the 

Aliquis  poetarum  -,  fome  one  of  the  poets. 
Sande  deorum  ;  thou  holy  one  of  the  gods. 
Utrum  horum  ?   Which  of  thefe  ? 
Remarks. 

1.  This  genitive   may  be  refolved  into  the  ac- 
cufative,  with  inter,  ante;  or  into  the  ablative,  with 
in,  de,  e,  ex.    As,  oftimus  inter  reges,  or  exregibus  ; 
the  befl  of  kings. 

2.  Primus,  fecundus,  tertius,   &c.  and   fuperla- 
tives  importing  proximity  generally  govern  the  da- 
tive angular.     As,  proximus  huic  ;   the  neareft  to 
him.     Secundus   nulli  ;    fccond  to    none.        They 
fometimes  have    an    ablative  with  a  prepofition. 
As,  tertius  ab  ^Enea  ;  the  third  from 


RULE  V. 

Partitives,  &c.  often  govern  the  genitive  fingu- 
lar  of  colleftive  nouns,  or  nouns  of  multitude. 

As,  do6tiflimus  claffis  \  the  moil  learned  of  the 

form.      Nympharum  fanguinis  una  ;    one    of  the 

blood  of  the  Nymphs.     O  Danaum  fortiffime  gen- 

tis;  O  thou,  the  bravefl  of  the  nation  of  the  Greeks. 

DATIVE  CASE. 
RULE  I. 

Adje6lives,  that  fignify  likenefs  or  unlikenefs, 
profit  ©r  difprofit,  meetnefs  or  unmeetnefs,  pleaf- 
ure  or  difpleafure,  relation,  friendfhip,  hatred, 
due,  fubmiflion,  favour,  refiilance,  difBculty,  trull, 
or  belonging  to  any  thing,  govern  the  dative.* 

As,  virtus  eft  jucunda  juflis,  utilis  omnibus,  et 
son  inutilis  ullis  ;  virtue  is  pleafant  to  the  righte- 
ous, ufeful  to  all,  and  not  unprojitable  to  any. 
_  RULE 

*  When-tfee  pupil  gives  this  rule,  he  may  mention  the  wwd  ootyj  that 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.  57 

RULE  II. 

Thefe  adje&ives,  amicus,  inimicus,  foetus,  vicinus, 
far,  equalis,  Jimilis,  dijfimilis,  proprius,  communis, 
conterminus,Jidus,  adverfus,  contrarius,  and  fuperjlci 
often  govern  the  genitive. 

As,  vitia  funt  mrtutum  contraria  ;  vices  are  op- 
pofite  to  virtues. 

RULE  III. 

Adjeclives,  that  imply  motion,  tendency,  or 
fitnefs  for  any  thing,  admit  ad  before  the  noun, 
in  the  accuiative,  on  which  the  fitnefs  falls. 

As,  mifericors  piger  eft  ad  pcenas  ;  a  merciful 
man  isjlow  to  punifh. 

RULE  IV. 

Alienus,  communis,  and  immunis>  may  govern  the 
genitive,  or  dative,  and  fometimes  an  ablative,  with 
a  prepofition. 

As,  hoc  mihi  tecum  commune  eft  ;  this  is  com- 
mon to  me  and  you. 

Remark. 

In  imitation  of  the  Greeks,  many  adjectives 
govern  the  genitive,  efpecially  among  the  poets. 

As;  pauper  argcnti ;  lapfus  rotarum,  &.c. 

ACCUSATIVE  CASE. 

Adjectives,  expreffing  length^  breadth,  height, 
depth,  thicknefs,  and  diftance,  govern  the  noun  fol- 
lowing them,  in  the  accufative. 

As,  turris  centum  pedes  alia  ;  a  tower  an  hun- 
dred feet  high* 

.Remarks* 


58         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

Remarks. 

1.  The  noun,  that  is  governed  in  the    accufa- 
tive,  is  generally  placed,  in  Englifh,  before   thefe 
adjectives ;  big,  deep)  high,  long,  broad,  thick,  dijlant. 

2.  Adjectives,   importing  the    above    qualities, 
fometimes,   govern  the  ablative  ;   but   rarely   the 
genitive.     An  ablative   thus  ;    fons   latus  pedibus 
tnbus;    a  fountain  three  feet  broad.     A  genitive 
thus ;  areas  latas  pedum  dcnum,  longas    quinquage- 
num  facito ;   make  beds  ten-  feet  broad,  and  fifty 

feet  long.* 

SYNECDOCHE. 

Adjectives,  by  a  fynecdoche,  govern  nouns,  in 
the  accufative. 

As,  faucmsfrontem-;  wounded  in  the  forehead. 

Remarks-        » 

1 .  This  rule,  in  imitation  of   the  Grecian    lan- 
guage, may  be  explained  by  the  following  prepo- 
fitions ;  circa,  quatenus  ad,  per,  ad,  ob,  propUr,  quoad, 
orfecundum. 

As,  os  hitmerofque  Deo  fimilis.  CrefTa  genus 
Pholoe. 

2.  Adjectives  in  bundus  govern  the  accufative  ; 
As,  populabundus  agros. 

ABLATIVE    CASE. 
RULE  I. 

w 

Nouns,  fignifying  the  in  (I  rumen  t/  can  fe,  or 
manner,  are  governed,  in  the  ablative,  by  the  ef- 
ficient: adjective. 

As,  incurvus  feneftutc  ;  crooked  with  old  age. 
Ebrius  vino;  drunk  with  wine.  Pallidus  ira,  ru- 
bicundus 

*  \Vhen  a  noun,  that  fignifies  the  length,  breadth,  &c.  of  a  thing,  is  put  in 
the  genitive,  mtnfurdjt>atiot  hmfitudint,  tutitudmc,  or  altitudinc  are  underitood, 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.         59 

bicundus  furore,  et  trepidus  timoris  pcend ;  pale 
with  anger,  red  with  fury,  and  trembling  for  fear 
of  punifhment.  Spe  dives  ;  rich  in  hope. 

RULE  JI. 

Adje&ives,  fignifying  diverfity,  govern  the  ab- 
lative, with  the  prepofition  a  or  ab~ 

As,  ille  diverfus  eft  a  patre ;  he  is  different  front 
hisfather. 

Remark. 

Adje&ives  of  diverfity  fometimes  govern  the 
dative.  As,  maritus  diverfus  eft  uxon  ;  the  huf- 
bandis  different  y>ow  the  wife. 

RULE  III. 

Adje&ives,  fignifying  plenty,  or  want,  may- 
govern  the  ablative. 

As,  bcncvolcntia  plenus  ;  full  of  benevolence.  Ira 
vac-uus ;  deftitute  of  anger. 

RULE  IV. 

Adjectives  of  the  comparative  degree,  govern 
•the  ablative,  when  quam  is  omitted,  in  Latin. 

As,  vilius  argentum  eft  auro,  virtutibvs  aurum  ; 
filyer  is  viler  than  gold,  gold  is  viler  than  the  vir- 
tues. 

RULE  V. 

Adjectives  of  dearnefs  and  cheapnefs,    govern 
e  nouns  on  which  their  influence  falls,    in    the 

blative. 
As,   hoc  fcalpellum   cKarum  eft    drachma;    this 

enknife  is  dear  at  a  groat. 

RULE  VI. 

Adjectives,  denoting  fome  infirmity,  or  affe6Hon 
[of  body,  or  mind,  govern  the  nouns,  that  are  the 
ipart.  affected,  in  the  ablative.  As, 


60         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  faucius  capite  et  membris,  xgrotusfebre,  in- 
firmus  corf  ore  toto,  et  debilis  mente  ;    wounded  in 
"his  head   and    limbs,  lick  of  a  fever,  infirm   in  his 
whole  body,  and  feeble  in  mind. 
RULE  VII. 

Dignus,  indignus,  praeditus,  captus,  contentus, 
laetus,  extorris,  profugus,  liber,  and  fretus,  govern 
the  ablative. 

As,  dignus  honor e  ;  worthy  of  honour.     Profu- 
;  in  obedience  to  h  averis  decree. 

Remark. 

Some  of  thefe  adjeftives  often  govern  a  geni- 
tive. As,  carmina  digna  dece  ;  longs  worthy  of  a 
goddefs.  Extorris  regni  ;  banifhed  from  the 
kingdom. 

RULE  VIII. 

Adjectives,  importing  the  meafure,  or  degree, 
in  which  one  thing  excels  another,  govern  the  ab- 
lative of  the  word  fignifying  the  meafure,  or  de- 
gree of  excefs . 

As.  rraximus  natu  ;  the.  oldejl.  Grandior  estate, 
major  natu  ;  the  greater  in  birth.  Quo  plus  ha- 
bent,  eo  plus  cupiunt  ;  the  more  men  poffefs,  the 
more  they  defire.  Quanto  do6lior  es,  tanto  te  ge- 
ras  fubmiffius  ;  by  how  much  thou  art  more  learn- 
ed, by  fo  much  thou  mufl  behave  more  fub- 
miilively. 

VERBS 

Have  the  following  rules  of  government. 
NOMINATIVE  CASE. 

RULE  I. 

Verbs  neuter,  zsfum<'fcrem,fiot  and  €xij!o,  gov- 
ern the  nominative  after  them, 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.  6t 

As,  hominum  Chriflus  eft  Salvator  ;  Chnft  is  the 
Saviour  of  men. 

RULE  II. 

Paffive  verbs  of  naming,  as  appellor,  dicor,  nun- 
cupor,  vocor,  govern  the  nominative  after  them. 

As,  ejus  nomen  appellabitur  Jefus ;  his  name 
fhall  be  called  Jefus. 

RULE  III. 

Thefe  paflive  verbs,  agnofcor,  falutor,  exiftimor, 
putor,  invenior,  fcribor,  videor,  nafcor,  defigncr,  ere- 
or,  conjlituor,  putor,  £c.  govern  the  nominative  af- 
ter them. 

As,  Paulus  habebatur  excellentiflimus  prcedica-' 
tor  ;  Paul  was  accounted  a  mod  excellent^r^c^er. 

RULE   IV. 

Thefe  verbs  of  geflure,  cubo.  incedo.Jlo,  eo,  redeo, 
maneo,  venio,  fedeo,  jaceo,  evado,  fugio,  &c.  govern 
the  nominative  after  them. 

As,  aft  ego,  quae  Divum  inceJo  regina  ;  but  I, 
who  moVe  majefticaliy  the  queen  of  heaven. 

Remarks. 

i.  The  infinitives  of  the  verbs,  mentioned  in. 
thefe  four  rules,  govern  the  fame  cafe  after  them 
that  goes  before  ihem. 

As,  tu  cupis  effe  vir  do£lus  ;  you  defire  to  be  a 
learned  man.  Hie  a  mat  dici  pair  onus  ;  he  loves  to 
be  called  a  paircn.  Vult  fe  creari  ducem  ;  he 
would  be  made  general. 

N.  B.    When   verbs,    that  govern    the    dative, 

come  before  any  of  the  above  named  verbs  in  the 

infinitive,  the  latter  commonly  have  a  dative  after 

them  ;   but  fometimes  an  accufative.      As,  non 

F  datur 


62         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  "o 


datur  omnibus  eflfe  nobilibus  et  cpulentis  ;  fed  licet 
omnibus  effe  bonis,  (i  velint.  Expedit  vobis  effe 
bonas.  —  TER. 

2.  Nearly  all  verbs  admit  an  adjective,  or  pro- 
noun, after  them  in  the  nominative,  or  accufative, 
that  agrees  with  the  noun,  or  pronoun,  preceding 
the  verb. 

As,  homo  incedit  crettus  in  coelum  ;  a  man 
walks  ercft  towards  heaven. 

GENITIVE   CASE. 
RULE  I. 

The  verb  fum,  importing  duty,  foffeffion,  or 
property,  governs  the  genitive. 

As,  reddite,  quae  Dei  funt,  Deo  ;  render  to  God, 
the  things  that  are  GWs. 

Remarks. 

1.  In     fcntences    that   come  under   this    rule, 
•philofophus.,  doffor,  gratia,   caufa,  proprium,  munus, 
officium,  negotium.  opus,  <&c.  aro  underflood. 

2.  Thefe  neuter  pronouns,   meum,  tuum,  fuum, 
nojlrum,  -uejirum,  and  pojfejfive  nouns,    are  ufed  in 
the    nominative,    when  fum   fignifies    pofleflion, 
property,  or  duty. 

As,  non  veflrum,  fed  caninum  eft  pugnare  ;  to 
fight  does  not  belong  to  you,  but  to  dogs. 

RULE  II. 

Verbs  of  ejleeming  and  valuing  govern  a  genitive 
of  the  value,  and  the  accufative  of  the  thing. 

As,  defertus  homo  asilimat  preiii  magni  amicum 
fidum  ;  a  wife  man  cfleems  a  faithful  /fiend,  at  a 
great/; 

Remarks. 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          63 

Remarks. 

1.  The -verb,  ctjlimo,  does  often  govern  an  ab- 
lative   of   the  value.     As,    magno  ubique    virtus 
icftimanda  eft  ;   virtue  is  to  be  efteemed,  every 
where,  of  great  worth. 

2.  Flocci,  nauci,  nihili,  pili,    affis,   hujus,  teruncii, 
are  efpecially  ufed  with  asjlimo,  pendo,  va&fa&io. 

RULE  III. 

Confuio  and  facia  govern  boni  and  cequi,  in  the 
genitive  only. 

As,  boni  confulo  ;  I  take  it  in  good  par L. 

RULE  IV, 

Satago,  miftreor,  and  miferefco  govern,  the  geni- 
tive ;.  feldom  the  dative. 

As,  miferere  affliftorwn  ;  pity  the  afflifted.  Huic 
iBifereor  ;  1  pity  him... 

RULE  V. 

Many  verbs,  fignifying  a  ilrong  afFeftion  of  the 
mind,  as  difcrucior,  jailor,  lector,  &c.  govern,  the 
gqnitive. 

As,  laetor  animi  ;  I  am  very  glad. 

Remark. 

In  examples,  that  come  under  this  rule,  gaurfic, 
znxittate,  d:-lorft ,&c.  are  underftood.  The  above 
rule  is  founded  on  the  idiom  of  the  Grecian  lan- 
guage, and  is  in  ufe  among  the  Latin  Poets  ;  ac- 
cording to  whom  verbs  of  this  defcription  ofien 
govern  the  ablative., 

RULE  VI>. 

Verbs  of  accuftng,  condemning,  warning,  and' 
acquitting,  govern  an  accufative  of  the  perfon,  and 
the  genitive  of  the  crime,  or  thing. 


$4         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  Deus  peccatorum  admonet  homines  ;  God  ad- 
monifhes  men  of  their  Jins. 

Remarks. 

1.  After  verbs  of  accufing,  condemning,  warn- 
ing,   and    acquitting,   the  noun,   that   fignifies  the 
crime,  or  thing,  is  often  put  in  the    ablative,  with 
or  without  a  prepofition. 

2.  Thefe  verbs  ever  demand,   that  uttrqut,  wtl- 
lus,  aliiLS,  alter,  neuter,  ambo,  and  the  fuperlative  de- 
gree, fhould  be  ufed  in  the  ablative. 

RULE   VII. 

Carps,  corripio, '  calumnior,  crimlnor,  culpo,  pimio, 
ribrchcndo,  taxo,  iradiico,  and  vtiupsro,  govern  a 
genitive  of  the  p erj on,  and  accufative  of  the  crime, 
or  thing. 

As,  reprehendere  hominis  pertinaciam  ;  to  repre-* 
hend  a  manforfsrtmacy. 

RULE  VIII. 

Potior  may  govern  the  genitive  or  ablative. 

As,  Romani  fignorum  et  armorum  potiti  funt  ; 
the  Romans  gained  pofTeflion  of  thejlandards  and 
arms.  Optata  potiuntur  Troes  arena  ;  the  Trojans 
enjoy  the  wijhed  for  jlwre.  Rerutn,  and  not  rebus, 
muft  ever  be  ufed  after  potior  :  As3  potiri  rerum, 
to  obtain  the  fupr erne  power. 

RULE  IX. 

Remmifcdr,  oblivifcor,  recorder,  and  memini  gov- 
ern the  genitive. 

As,  proprium  efl  flultitiae  aliorum  vitia  cernere, 
et  oblivifci  faorum  ;  to  fee  the  vices  of  others  and 
forget  their  own  is  the  part  of  fools. 

Remarks. 


EAT  IN    LANGUAGE-         6^ 

Remark*. 

1.  Thefe  verbs   fometimes   govern  the  accufa- 
tive.     As,  oblivifci  Uftionem  eit   ignavi  pueri  ;  to 
forget  his  UJJon  is  the  part  of  an  idle  boy. 

2.  Memini  and  recorder,  to  make  mention,  often 
have  an  ablative,  with  the  prepofition  de.  As,  me- 
mini  de  U  ;  I  fpake  of  you. 

DATIVE   CASE. 
RULE  I. 

Sum  and'  fuppetit,  when  ufed  for  habeo,  govern 
the  dative. 

As,  eft  mihi  penna  ;    /have   a  pen.      Pauper 
-  enim  non  eft,  cui  rerum   fuppetit  ufus  ;  he   is  not', 
poor,  that  has  a  fufficient  fupply. 

RULE  II. 

The  compounds  of  fum,  in  general,  except  pof~- 
fum,  govern  a  dative. 

As,  ignavi  nee  profunt  fill,  nee  aliis ;  idlers 
neither  profit  ikcmfclvts,  nor  others. 

RULE  III. 

Sum,  do,  dono,  verto,  habeo,  tribuo,  mitto,  puto, 
relinquo,  &c.  may  elegantly  govern  two  dative 
cafes  ;  one  of  the  perfon  to  whom  the  thing  hap- 
pens, and  the  other  of  the  de/ign  to  which  the 
thing  refers. 

As,  exitio  eft  .avidis  mare  nautis  ;  to  avaricious 
Jailors  the  fea  is  dcjtru&ion.  Do  tibi  veftem  pignori  ,* . 
I  give,  thee  my  garment,  in  pawn* 

Remarks. 

i.  When  a  proper  name  is  applied  to  a  perfon, 
the  conftruftion  comes  under  this  rule.     As,  Pe- 

F  2  tro 


66         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

fro  nomen  efl  tibi ;  your  name  is  Peter.     Afcani- 
us,  cui  nunc  cognomen  lulo  additur. 

2.  In  applying  a  proper  name,  the  nominative 
and  genitive  are  often  ufed. 

3.  Thefe  datives,  mihi,  tibi,Jibit  and  illi  are  often 
ufed  fimply  for  the  fake  of  elegance,  in  compofi- 
tion  ;    as,  fuo  Jibi  gladio  hunc  jugulavi ;  I  flew 
him  with  his  own  fword. 

RULE  IV. 

Verbs,  compounded  with  fatis,  bent,  and  male, 
govern  the  dative. 

As,  fatisfacere  Reipublicce  ;  to  fatisfy  the  Re- 
publick. 

RULE  V. 

Verbs,  compounded  with  prce,  ad,  con,  fab,  ante., 
fofl,  ob,  inter,  in  and  fuper,  govern  a  dative  of  the 
noun  affected,  by  the  p  repetition. 

As,  virtutem  omnibus  praefer ;  prefer  virtue  to 
nil  things.  Convixit  nobis  ;  he  lived  for  us. 

Remarks. 

1 .  Interdico  governs  the  dative  of  the  perfon,  and 
ablative  of  the  thing.     As,  interdixit  Deus  homini- 
lus  ira  et  ultione  ;   God  hath  forbidden  men,  anger 
and  revenge. 

2.  Accedo,  applico,  conditco,  confer -0,  and  converto, 
may  elegantly  take  the  accufative  with  ad. 

3.  Thefe  verbs,  allatro,   antejlo,  attendo,  condono, 
illudo,    inful to,  prcejlolo,  prcevenio,    prceeo,  prcecedo, 
prcecurro,  prceverto,  adjuvo,  anteverto,  admiror,  allo- 
quor,  ajpitio,  adjuro,   imfedio,   invado,  invenio,  obeo} 

,  &c,  often  admit  the  accufative. 

PULE 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.         67 

RULE  VI. 

The  noun,  or  pronoun,  to  which,  or  for  which, 
any  thing  is  done,  is  governed  by  the  verb,  in  the 
dative. 

As,  homines  nafcuntur  non  feipfis,  fed  aim  z 
men  are  notbornfor  themfelves,  butybr  others. 

Remarks. 

1.  To  is  not  to  be  confidered  as  the  fign  of  the 
dative  after  verbs  of  calling,  inviting,  exhorting,  be- 
longing, or  that  exprefs  motion,  readinefs,  or  tenden- 
cy.    Nouns   and  pronouns  following  verbs  of  this 
defcription  admit  ad  and  in}  which  govern  them  in 
the  accufative. 

2.  The  poets   fometimes  ufe  the  dative,  after 
verbs  of  motion. 

As,  it  clamor  ccdo  nautarum  ;  the  clamour  of 
the  failors  goes  to  heaven. 

RULE  VII. 

Verbs,  that  fignify  to  profit  and  difprofit.  pleafe 
and  dif pleafe,  obey,  favour,  help,  hurt,  refijl,  promifs> 
fpare,  approach  nigh,  tell,  command,  upbraid,  to  be 
angry  with,  meet,  indulge,  flatter,  and  perjuade,  gov- 
ern the  dative. 

As,  jam  fas  eft  parcere  genti  ;  it  is  now  lawful 
to  fpare  a  nation.  Scopulo  propinquabant ;  they 
approached  nigh  the  rock. 

RULE    VIII. 

Verbs  of  comparing,  declaring,  giving,  forgiving, 
prcmijing.  paying,  envying,  fhewing,  truflmg,  dijlruft- 
ing,  rejlormg,  threatening,  telling,  owing,  and  taking 
away,  govern  the  dative  of  the  perfon,  and  accufa- 
tive of  the  thing. 


€•8        A  GRAMMATICAL   INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  aes  alienum  numeravit  mi/ii  ;  he  paid  a  delt 
for  me. 

N.  B.  When  the  pupil  gives  -either  of  the  forego* 
ing  rules  for  the  government  of  any  word,  he  may, 
mention  the  verb  only-,  that  applies, 

Remarks. 

1.  After  verbs  of  comparing,   the  perfon,  withh 
whom  the  comparifon  is  made,   is  fometimes  put 
in  the.  ablative,  with  cum. 

As,  comparo  Virgillium  cum  Homero ..;  I  com-- 
pare  Virgil  with  Homer. 

2.  Verbs  of  a/king,  fp taking  to,  ceafing,  expe£lingy 
delivering  from,   receiving^   and  taking  away,  often 
govern  the  ablative,  with  a  prepofition. 

As,  omnia  a  te  expe£tat ;  he  expects  all. things, 
ef  you. 

3.  Guberno   and  rego  govern    the    accufative  ; 
tempero  and  modero  have  fometimes  the  dative  and 
fometimes  the  accufative. 

4.  Ojfendo,  juvo,   opj&ugno,  and  Itedo  govern  the 
accufative. 

ACCUSATIVE  CASE,  . 
RULE  I. 

Active  and  deponent  verbs,  in  general,  govern 
an.  accufative  of  the  objeft,  on  which  an  aclica 
terminates. 

As,  fuge  tentationes  ;  fliun  temptations.  Venerare 
Deum  ;  worfhip  God. 

Remark, 

Grammarians  have  called  many  verbs  neuter^ 
that,  in  the  higheft  fenfe,  have  an  active  fignifica- 
Uon,  And  thefe  verbs,  fay  they,  govern  the  ac* 

cufative^ 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.          69 

cufative.     But  the  verbs  are  a&ive,    and  without 
any  explanation,  follow  the  general  rule. 

As,  vixit  vitam  ;  fervitfervitutem  ;  currit  curftim. 

RULE    II. 

The  accufative  cafe,  by  zfynecdoche,  is  put  after 
fome  neuter  verbs. 

As,  ille  rubetfaciem  ;  he  has  a  red  face.  Can- 
det  denies.  His  teeth  are  white. 

Restart. 

Vox  hominem  fonat  ;  olet  hircum ;  &c.  come 
under  this  rule. 

RULE  III. 

Active  verbs  of  clothing,  intreating,  a/king,  teach~ 
ing,  -warning,  undrej/ing,  and  celo,  govern  two  ac- 
ufatives,  one  of  the  ferfon,  and  the  other  of  the 
king. 

As,  pofce  Deos  veniam  ;  ztk  favour  of  the  Gods. 

Remarks. 

1.  Verbs  of  a/king,   intr eating,   &c.  fometimes 
bange  the  accufative  of  the  perfon,  into  the  abla- 
ve.  with  a  prepofition. 

As,  Deum  obteflemur,  veniatrique  oremus  ab  eo  ; 
et  us  implore  God,  and  afk  pardon  of  him. 

2.  Verbs  of  clothing  often  change  one  accufa- 
ive  info  the  dative,  or  ablative. 

As,  induit  fe  toga,  or  jlbi  togam  ;   he  put  on  his 
own. 

3.  Liflrui,    injlituo.formo,   informo.    and  imhio, 
overn  the  ablative  without  a  prepofition. 

ABLATIVE 


yo         ^4  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  'the 

ABLATIVE   CASE. 

Abutor,  communico,  conjlo.  creor,.  crefco,  defungoim 
dignor,  edo,  epulor,  fruor,  fungor,  gaudio,  gensror,. 
gignor,  gtjtio,  glorior,  impertio,  impertior,  indigncrj 
iceior,  nafcor,  nitory  orior,  pafcor,  propigno,  profcq-uor^ 


Jero,Jlo,fuperfedco,  utor,  vifcor,  viffito,  and  tnjlior} 
govern  the  ablative. 

As,  fungi  munere  ;  to  difcharge  duty. 

N.  B.  When  the  (Indent  gives  this  rule  let  him 
mention  the  verb  only,  that  applies. 

Remarks. 

1.  Dignor,    impertio,   impertior,    and  proftquorf 
govern  the  accufative  of   the  perfon,  and  ablative 
of  the  thing. 

As,  nee  me  dignor  tali  honors  ;  neither  do  I  ef* 
teem  tnyjclf  worthy  'offuch  honour. 

2.  Jndignor  governs  the  accufative  of  the  thing, 
a»d  the  ablative  of  the  perfon,  with  a  prepofition. 

As,  et  cafum  infontis  mecum  indignabar  amici  ;  I 
repined  with  myfclf  at  the  misfortune  of  my  inno* 
cent  friend. 

3.  The  verbs,  in  the  above  rule,  fometimes  take 
the  accufative. 

RULE  II. 

Verbs  of  abounding  and  wanting  govern  either* 
the  ablative,  or  genitive. 

As,  eget  dmiciSy  qui  pecunid  eget  ;  he,  that  xvants 
money,  wants  friends.  Non  tain  artis  indigent, 
quam  laboris  ;  they  are  not  fo  dtflitutc  of  art,  as, 
labour. 

RULE- 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.          71 

RULE   III. 

Verbs,  that  fignify  to  Jill,  empty,  load,  unload,  de- 

'  pnve,  rob,  fpoil,  free,  bind,  loofe,  and  clothe,  govern 

'  an  ablative  of  the  thing  with  which   any  veflel  is 

'  filled,  emptied,  &c.  and  an  accufative  of  the  per- 

fon,  or  thing,  that  is  the  fubjeft. 

As,  mere  impievit  pateram  ;  he  filled  the  goblet 
with  pure  -wine. 

Remark. 

Verbs  of  filling  and  emptying  often  govern  the 
genitive  of  the  thing  with  which  any  thing  is  filled, 
or  emptied  off. 

As,  77i tri  pateram  impievit  regina;  the  queen 
,  filled  the  goblet  with  pure  wine. 

RULE  IV. 

Tke  part  of  the  body,  or  mind  affected,  is  in 
;ihe  ablative,  and  governed  by  die  verb,  that  de- 
jnotes  the  affe&ion. 

As,  aegrotat  ammo,  magis  quam  corpora  ;  he  is 
.ticker in  his  mind,  than  body. 

RULE  V. 

Verbs  of  buying  and  felling  govern  an  ablative  of 
ithe  noun,  that  is  the  price  for  which  any  thing  is 
bought,  or  fold. 

As,  multorum  fanguine  ac  vulncribus  ea  Pcenis 
'  vi&oria  iletit  ;  the  Carthagenians  purchafed  the 
.victory  wkh  the  blood  and  wounds  of  many  foldiers. 

Remarks. 

:      i.   Valeo,  to  be  worth,  fometimes  puts  the  noun 
of  price,  in  the  accufative, 

As, 


72        A  GRAMMATICAL   INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  difti  funt  denarii,  quod  denos  asris  valebant ; 
they  were  called  denarii,  becaufe  they  were  worth 
ten  pieces  of  brafs. 

2.  Dimidio,  duplo,  magno,  minima,  nimio,  paido, 
plurimo,  and  v:li,  are  ufed  in  the  ablative  without 
their  fubftantives. 

As,  vili  vendebat  fundum  ;  he  fold  his  farm, 
at  a  fin  all  price. 

3.  Thcfe  genitives  ;  tanti,  quanti,  minoris, pluris,' 
tantidem,    quaiitzvis,    quantd  bet,  and    quanticunque,, 
meaning  the  worth  or  price,  are   ufed  in  the  geniJ 
tive,  when  the  noun  is  underftood  ;  if  the  noun  be 
expreffed,  they  are  put  in  the  ablative. 

As,    vendo  non  pluris,    quam    cseteri  ;   fortafle 
etiam  minoris  ;  I  do  not  fell  for  more  than  othei 
perhaps,  for   Ifs.      Minor e  pretio  vendidi,  qua 
emi  ;  I  fold  it  for  lefs,  than  I  gave. 

RULE  VI. 

Muto>  and  comniuto  govern  an  accufative  of  the 
thing  changed,  or  given  ;  and  the  ablative  of  the 
thing  for  which  it  is  changed,  or  given. 

As,  gloriofum  eft  iram  commutare  amicitid  ;  to 
exchange  anger  for  friend/hip  is  a  glorious  thing. 

RULE  VII. 

Verbs  govern  an  ablative  of  the  noun,  that  fig- 
mfies  the  in.  ,  caufe,  or  manner  of  a&ing.* 

As,  gladio  iei-;  jugulavit  ;  he  killed  himfelf  -with 
afzvord.  jam  veniet  tacito  curva  fene6la  •  pede  ;' 
Vtitiijttentfoot,  crooked  old  age  will  now  approach. ' 

RULE 


*  Some  grammarians  fay  is     .vprned  by  the  prep- 

ofitioa  cumt  &,• 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          75 

RULE  VIII. 

Mereor,  when  qualified  with  benc,  male,  melius, 
fejus,  of  lime,  peffime,  governs  the  ablative  with  the 
prepofition  de. 

As,  Ariflides  optime  de  fuis  civibus  meruit ;  Arif* 
tides  merited  the  beji  of  his  citizens. 

RULE  IX. 

Verbs,  importing  diftance  and  excelling,  govern 
the  nouns  following  them,  in  the  ablative. 

As,  urbes  diftant  longo  curfu  ;  cities  at  a  great 
diftance.  Quos  prasftaret  dignitate  ;  whom  he  ex- 
celled in  dignity. 

Remark. 

This  ablative  often  admits  the  prepofitions,  a, 
ab,  e,  ex,  de.  As,  longe  diflat  a  nobis  ;  he  is  at  a 
great  diflance/row  us. 

PASSIVE    VERBS. 

RULE  I. 

Paffive  verbs  of  clothing,  a/king,  cntreatin*" 
teachmg,  warning,  undre/mg,  and  celo  in  the  pafl 
five,  govern  an  accufative  of  the  thing. 

As,  docetur  literas  ;  he  is  taught  letters.  Ro^a- 
teturfententiam  ;  he  was  afked  his  opinion.  Inutile 
fernim  cingitur.  Induitur/^aew  Dian<e. 

RULE  II. 

Jt^n!'^^rJ  f!telPaf?ye  vrf», »  P«tm 

thefe 


Ruts 


74         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  tht 

RULE  III. 

Pa  {live  verbs,  in  general,  govern  the  fame  cafe, 
as  their  aclives. 

As,  a  magiftratu  condemnabatur  furti  ;  he  was 
condemned  by  the  magiftrate  of  theft. 

RULE  IV. 

Thefe  verbs,  exulo,  Jio,  liceo,  vapulo,  and  veneo, 
when  ufed  in  the  paflive  fenfe,  govern  an  ablative 
of  the  agent,  or  doer,  with  thefe  prepofitions,  a> 
ab,  abs. 

As,  philofophia  exulat  a  convivantibus  ;  philofo- 
piiy  is  banifhed  by  intemperate  men. 

N.  B.  Excepting  thofe  verbs  mentioned  in  the 
firil  rule,  the  accusative  cafe  after  paflive  verbs  is, 
generally,  governed  by  a  prepoution  expreffed,  or 
pnderflood. 

THIRD    PERSON.* 

Many  vei'bs,  ufed  in  the  third  p  erf  on  only,  have 
the  following  rules  of  government. 

RULE  I. 

To  verbs  of  the  i'hird  perfon  only  the  nomina- 
tive is  underftood.t 

As,  deed  ;  it  becomes.     Licet  ;  it  is  lawful. 

Remark. 

The  nominative,  that  is  underftood,  may  be 
either,  res,  negotium,  ojficium,  fcnfum,  or  fome  fuch 
general  word. 

RULE 

*  See  Appendix,  SECTION  VI. 

•f  The  word  underftood  is  ever  thing,  and  not  pcrfon.  This,  perhaps,  is 
thereafon,  that  thefe  verbs  have  been  called  impcrfonal.  But  the  phrafe  is 
improper,  as  it  leads  the  inexperienced  lad  to  think  thit  they  cannot 
ao  agcat,  or  aominalivt  word. 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.          75 

RULE  II. 

Verbs  of  the  third  perfon  only,  may  govern  a 
noun,  in  the  accufative. 

As,  deledlat  nis ;  it  delights  us. 

RULE  III. 

Inter  eft  and  refert  govern  the  genkive. 
As,  interefl  homimm.  bene- agere  ;    it  concerns 
men  to  conduct  well. 

Remarks, 

1.  Thefe  adjectives,  tanti^qnanti,  magni,  parvi, 
quanticunquc,  tantidem,  are  ufed  in  the  genitive  af- 
ter interejt  and  refert.  . 

2.  But  thefe  verbs  govern  men,  tuat  fua,  noftra, 
veftra,  and  cuja,  in  the  ablative  fingular,  feminine 
gender,  .Some  grammarians  will  have  them  in  the 
accufative  plural  neuter  gender  ;  the  noun  negotia, 
&c.  being  underilood. 

RULE  IV. 

Libct,  licet,  placet, -and  all  third  perfonal  verbs, 
having  to,  or  for,  after  them,  govern  the  dative. 

As,  licet  tibi  ;  lawful  for  you.  Stat  mi  hi  cafus 
renovare  omnes  ;  /  am  determined  to  renew  all 
misfortunes.  . 

RULE  V. 

Dtcet,  delettat,fallit,Jigit,juvat,  lattt,  oportet,pt~ 
get.  andprceterit,  govern  an  accufative  of  the  per- 
fon  with  the  infinitive. 

As,  nee  me  meminijfe  pigebit  Elifae;  I  -Jhall  al- 
ways remember  Eli  fa  with  pleafure. 

RCFLE 


?6        A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 
RULE  VI. 

Mifercfcit,  miferet,  piget,p<znitet,pudet,  tcedet,  and 
fcrtai/im  eft,  govern  an  accufative  of  the  perfcn, 
and  genitive  of  the  thing. 

As,  tcedet  animam  meam  vita  mece  ;  my  foul  is 
weary  of  my  life. 

RULE  VII. 

Attinet,  pertinet,  and  fpettat  govern  the  accufa- 
tive with  the  prepofitions  ad  and  in. 

As,  pertinet  in  utramquc  partem  i  it  appertains  /f 
tachpart. 

RULE  VIII. 

The  agent,  or  doer,  after  third  perfonal  verbs,  in 
the  paflive  voice,  is  ever  in  the  ablative  with  a 
prepofition ;  and  the  verb  may  ferve  for  any  num- 
ber, orperfon. 

As,  agitur  a  me,  a  te,  a  nobis,  a  vo&is,  ab  illis  ;  1 
did  it,  thou  didfl  it,  tut  did  it,  you  did  it,  they 
did  it. 

RULE  IX. 

When  the  agent,  or  doer,  is  underflood,  the 
verb  is  in  the  neuter  gender,  and  may  ferve  for 
any  number,  or  perfon. 

As,  dictum  fuit  ;  it  wzsfaid.  Poflquam  altos 
ventiim  in  montes  ;  after  they  had  reached  the  high 
mountains.  Aft  ubi  patriae  perventum  ad  limina 
fedis ;  but  when  /  had  come  to  the  gates  of  my  fa- 
ther's feat. 

Run 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.          77 

RULE  X. 

Gctpit,  incipet,  dcfmit,  debet,  fold,  and  potcjl,  are 
ufed  as  third  perfonal  verbs,  when  followed 
by  the  infinitive  of  fimilar  verbs. 

As,  facerdotem  infcitiae  pudere  debet ;  a  minifter  v 
ought  to.  be  afhamed.  of  ignorance. 

I  N  F  I  N  I  T  I  V  E  ,  M  O  D  E, 

RULE  L 

A  verb  may  be  ufed  in  the  infinitive  mode  in«*  . 
dependent* 

As,  incipere  narrationem,  pugnabatur  cotmnus 
ab  illis  ;  to  begin  the  .narration,  they  fought  in  clofe 
encounter, 

RULE  II. 

One  verb  may  govern  another,  in  the  infinitive* 
As,  pii  amant  venerare  .Deum;.the  pious  love  . 
to.  venerate. God. ,. 

RULE  IIL\ 

Nouns  may  govern  verbs,  in  the  infinitives 
As,  fi  tantus   amor  cafus  cognofcere  noftros  ;  if 

there  be  fuch  defire  to  know. our  misfortunes.  Tern- 

pus  abire.  Occafio /.fcribere. 

RULE  IV. 

Adjectives,  that  do  not  govern  a  genitive  cafe* 
may  elegantly  put  verbs  in  the  infinitive. 
As  dignus  mori  ;  worthy  to  die.    . 

RULE  V. 

Participles  govern  verbs,  in  the  infinitive, 
As,  paratus  feu  verfare  dolos,  feu  certae  o:cum^- 
lere  morti  ;  prepared  to  praBiJt  deceit,  or  io  expofi 
bimfelf  to  certain  deaths 
G  A 


78         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the, 
RULE  VI. 

A  noun,  or  pronoun,  in  the  accufative  abfo- 
lute,  governs  a  verb  in  the  infinitive. 

As,  hiftorii  dicunt  nobis,  Ariftidemnon  relinque* 
re,  cum  obivit,  pecuniam  fufficientem  impenfis 
funeri  fuo  ;  hiftorians  tell  us,  that  Arijlides,  when 
he  died,  did  not  leave  money  fufficient  for  the  ex- 
penfes  of  his  funeral. 

Remarks. 

1.  This  accufative  is  faid  to  be   abfolute;    be- 
caufe  it  is  not  governed  by  any  word,    whatever. 
And,  upon   the  fame  principle,  a  verb  is  faid  to 
be  in  the  infinitive  mode  independent. 

2.  Phrafes,  in  which  the  accufative  is  abfolute, 
may  be  refolved  by  quod  and  ut  ;  which  put  the 
verbs,  in  the  conjunclive  mode. 

As,  volo  te  agere  melius  ;  refolved  :  Volo  ut 
tu  ageres  melius. 

3.  The  infinitive  mode  is  often  underftood.  As, 
fpero  equidem  mediis  fupplicia  haufurum   (effe) 
fcopulis  ;    I  hope,  however,  that  thou  wilt  fuffer 
punifhment,  on   the  intervening  rocks.     In  this 
fentence,  effe,  in  the  infinitive,  is  underftood. 

4.  The  infinitive  mode  is  often  fet  alone,  by  an 
cllipfis,  when  its  dependence  is  on  fome  verb  un- 
derftood. 

As,  hinc  fpargere  voces  in  vulgum  ambiguas,  et 
quarere,  confcius,  arma.  In  this  fentence,  incipiebat 
is  underftood.  Hence  he  began  to  diffeminatc  du- 
bious expreffions  among  the  rabble,  and,  confci- 
'ous,  to  feck  arms. 

PARTICIPLES. 


LATIiV    LANGUAGE.         7$ 

PARTICIPLES. 
RULE  I. 

A  noun,  or  pronoun,  is  in  the  ablative  cafe  ab- 
folute,  when  joined  with  a  participle  exprelfed  or 
underftood,  and  there  is  no  word  to  govern  it. 

As,  Dea  matre,  monftrante  viam  ;  the  goddefs 
mother,  fhewing  the  way.  Te  volente  ;  you  being 
willing. 

Remark. 

When  the  participle  is  not  expreffed,  exiflente^ 
in  the  ablative  fingular,  or  exiftentibus,  in  the  ab- 
lative plural,  are  underftood. 

RULE  II. 

Participles,  whether  a&ive  or  paffive,  deponent 
or  neuter,  govern  the  fame  cafes,  as  the  verbs 
from  which  they  are  derived,  govern. 

As,  amans  librum  ;  loving  his  book.  Maledicens 
magijlratibus  ;  reviling  the  magiflrates.  Nulla  tua- 
rum  audita  mihi,  nee  vifa  fororum.  Caefar,  ex- 
iftens  imperator,  Gallos  fubegit.  Exuvias  indutus 
Achillei. 

RULE  III. 

Participles,  by  the  fynecdoche,  govern  the  accu- 
fative. 

As,  vultum  demiffus ;  down  call  in  his  counte-, 
nance. 

RULE  IV. 

Participial  adjectives,  ending  in  ans,  ens,  ax,  anc3 
.K5,  govern  the  genitive. 


45o         <A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  alieni  appetens  ;  covetous.  Tempus  edax 
eft  rerum  ;  time  devours  things.  Inexpertus  belli  ; 
unexperienced  in  war.  Poterrs  nmborum,  mafter  of 

farms. 

RULE  V. 

Participial  adje&ives,  ending  in  bills  and  dus, 
and  all  paflive  participles,  commonly  govern  the 
dative. 

As,  pax  bonis  omnibus  eft  optabilis  ;  peace  is  de- 
fired  by  all-  good  men.  Deus  nobis,  or  a  nobis^ 
colendus  eft  ;  God  is  to  be  worshipped  by  us. 

RULE  VI. 

Exofus,  perofii's,  and  pertcsfus^  having  an  adivc 
fignification,  govern  the  accufative  :  Having  a 
paffive  fignification,  they  govern  the  dative. 

As.  pertaefus  ignaviamfuam  ;  he  is  weary  of  his 
idlenefs.  Exofus  Deo  ztjantfis;  hated  by  GoSand 
faints. 

RULE  VII. 

Thefe  participles,  crctus,  creatits,  editus,  genitus, 
generatus,  natus,  ortus,  prognatus,  and  fatus,  govern 
the  ablative. 

As,  htus  regibus ;  defended  from  kings.  Geaer- 
atus  Trojd  ;  a  fon  of  Troy. 

Remark. 

The  ablative,  after  thefe  participles,  may  fome- 
tinges  be  preceded  by  a  prepofition. 

As,edita  de  magno  jlumine  nympha  fui  ;  I  was  a 
nymph  defcendedyVow  a  great  river. 

GERUNDS. 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.          8t 

G  E  R  U  N  D  S. 

RULE  I, 

Gerunds  govern  the  fame  cafes,  as  the  verbs 
from  which  they  are  derived,  govern. 

As,  ftudium  fruendi  Deo ;  the  defire  of  enjoy- 
ing God.  Sibi  auftoritati  parendum  effe  fateantur  ; 
let  them  confefs,  that  they  ought  to  obey  authority. 
Amor  videndi  Romam  ;  the  love  of  feeing  Rome*. 

RULE  II. 
Aclje&ives,  that  take  a  genitive,  and  fuch  nouns 

as,  amor,  vis,  caufa,  gratia,  Jtudium,  tempus,  ars,  oc- 
cafa,  poteftas,  otium,  whntas,  cupido?  regula,  norma% 
•&c.  govern  gerunds,  in  the  genitive  cafe. 

As,  ars  loquendi  ;  the  art  of  /peaking.  Memo* 
lenefaciendi  efto  ;  be  mindful  of  doing  -well.  Cer* 
ius  eundi  ;  fure  of  going. 

Remarks* 

1.  Inflead  of  the  gerund  in  di  of  the  genitive, 
the    poets  fometimes   ufe  a  verb  in  the  infinitive. 
As,  ftudium  bona  fua  tueri  ;  the  defire  of  defend- 
ing their  own  property. 

2.  Nouns  and  pronouns,  in  the  genitive  plural 
are  not  inelegantly  governed  by  this  gerund.     As, 
quum  illorum  videndi  gratia  me  in  forum  contu- 
liffem  ;  when  I  went  to  the  forum  for  the  fake  of 
feeing  them. 

RULE  III. 

The  gerund  in  do,  of  the  dative  cafe,  is  governed 
by   adjectives   that    fignify  profit,   ufefulnefs, 
nefs,  &c. 

As, 


8fc         ^GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  ef'the 

As,  femen  ittik  ferendo  ;  feed  ufefulior  (owing. 
Penna  habilis  fcribendo  ;  a,  pen  proper  for  writing. 

Remarks. 

1.  The  governing  adjeftives,  aptus,  habilis,  idone. 
its,  par,  utilis,  &c.  are  often  underftood.      As,  non 
eft  ambulando,  (fupply  idoneum)  ;  it  is  not  conveni- 
ent to  walk. 

2.  The  gerund   in   do,  in  the  dative,  is  often 
governed  by  a  verb.    As,  cum  omnes  fcribendo  ad- 
ciTent. — Cic. 

RULE  IV. 

The  gerund  in  do,  of  the  ablative,  is  governed 
by  thefe  prepofitions,  a,  ab,  abs,  de,  e,  ext  cum,  in, 
and  pro. 

As,  ignavi  a  difcendo  cito  deterrentur  ;  idle  boys 
are  eafily  frightened  from  learning. 

Remarks. 

1.  The  governing  prepofition  is  often    under- 
ftood. As,  colendo  Deum  ;  in  worjhipping  God. 

2.  The  gerund    in   do,  of   the    ablative,   is  fre- 
quently ufed,  as  the  injlrument,  caufe,  or  manner  of 
acting.  As,   Ugcndo  defeflus  eft  ;    he  is  weary  with 
reading. 

RULE  V. 

The  gerund  in  dum,  of  the  nominative,  is  ufed 
in  conjunction  with  the  verb,  eft  ;  and,  importing 
neceffity,  governs  a  dative  of  the  perfon  or  thing, 
on  whom  the  neceflity  falls. 

As,  cum  luxuria  nobis,  cum  amentia,  cum  fce- 
kre  certandum  eft  ;  we  muji  combat  with  luxury,- 
with  madnefs,  with  villany, 

Remarks^ 


OLATIN    LANGUAGE.          83 

Remarks. 

1.  This  gerund  is   properly  the  nominative  to 
the  verb,  eft  ;  and  the  parfing  comes  under  Rules  I, 
and  II,  under  nouns. 

2.  If,  in  conftrudion,  a  verb  immediately  pre- 
cedes -HI,  the  gerund  in  dum  of  the  accufative,  and 
the  infinitive  mode  e/e,  are*o  beufed.      As,  quo- 
tidie'meditere    refijitndum    ejfe.    iracundise ;    every 
day  confider,  thatjymt  mujl  rejift  anger.  In  phfafes 
of  this  nature,  the  gerund  is  in  the  accufative  ab- 
folute. 

3.  The  perfon,  or  thing,  on  whom  the  neceffity 
Falls,  is  often  underflood. 

RULE  VI. 

The  gerund  in  dum  of  the  accufative,   is  gov- 
erned by  the  prepofitions,  ad,  ante,  ob,  and  prop ter. 
As,   ab     aetheri    defcendebat    Chriflus    propter 
peccatores    redimendum ;    Chrifl  defcended   from 
heaven,  for  the  redemption  of  finners. 

Remark. 

The  gerund  in  dum,  of  the  nominative,  or  accu- 
fative, is  indifferently  ufed  either  in  the  fingular 
or  plural  number.  As,  eundum  eft  mihi  ;  /muft 
go.  Eundum  eft  nobis  ;  we  muft  go.  Ante  do- 
mandum  ingentes  tollent  animos  ;  before  they  are 
broken,  they  will  fwell  their  mettle  high. — VIRG. 

RULE  VII. 

Gerundial  participles*  govern  the  fame  cafe 
as  the  verbs  from  which  they  are  derived,  govern. 

As, 

*  Some  grammarians  choofe  to  call  them  gerundive  adjefliies,  and  to  have 
the  following  as  the  rule  of  government. 

RULB.     Gerunds,  when  turned  into  gerundive  adjectives,  agree  with  their 

mns  in  number,    cafe  and  gender  ;  and  ftil!  retain  their  government. 

Whether  they  are  called  gcrundial  p  irtraples,  or  gerundive  adjf  Hives,  is 
immaterial.  To  know  the  manner  itt  which  tbey  are  ufed,  it  the  mow 
important  thing. 


d  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

As,  ad  feftos  dies  ludorum  celebrandos  ;  to  cel- 
ebrating the  feftival  days  of  plays. 

Remarks. 

1.  The  gerundial   participles   have   the   fame 
cafe,  gender,  and  number,  as  the  nouns  they  gov- 
ern.    As,  ad  dies  celebrandos. 

2.  They  admit  prepofitions,  that  govern  them 
in  the  accufative,  or  ablative.     As,  ad  fuperandos 
peffimos  nequitia  ;  to  outdoing  the  woril  in  villany. 

RULE  VIII. 

The  gerundial  participle,  in  conjunction  with 
the  verb  eft,  or  ejfc,  governs  a  dative  of  the  per- 
Jon,  or  thing,  on  whom  the  neceffity  falls. 

As,  nee  mihi  effe  C.  Cethegi  furiofam  temeri. 
tatem  pertimefcendam  ;  I  need  not  fear  the  furious 
temerity  of  C.  Cethegus. 

RULE  IX. 

When  the  gerundial  participle  does  not  govern 
a  following  word,  it  agrees  with  its  noun,  in  num- 
ber, cafe,  and  gender. 

As,  amor  coercenda  eft  inter  veritatis  terminos  ; 
love  muft  be  rejlrained  within  the  bounds  of  truth. 
In  negotio  tranfagendo  fidus  eft  ;  he  is  faithful  in 
tranfatting  bufinefs. 


Gerunds,  that  govern  the  accufative,  and  thofe 
derived  from  abutor.  fruor,  fungor,  potior,  and 
utor,  may  be  changed  into  gerundial  participles, 
and  agree  with  their  nouns,  in  number,  cafe,  and 
gender. 

As,  O  conditionem  miferam  non  modo  admin- 
i/lrandce  verum  etiam  confcrvanda  Reipublica*  !  O 

miferable 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.  85 

miferable  condition  not  only  of  governing,  but  of 
freferving  the  Commonwealth  !  Alfo  thefe,  invidicc 
Tnets  levandce  caufa ;  abutendtz  libertatis  ;  juflitice 
frucnda  ;  gcnerandi  gloria  mcltis. 

Remark. 

They  are  called  gerundial  participles  ;  becaufe, 
as  participles,  they  exprefs  time  and  agree  with 
their  nouns ;  and  as  gerunds,  they  may  govern 
iheir  nouns,  in  their  refpe&ive  cafes* 

SUPINES. 
RULE  I. 

Supines  govern  the  fame  cafe,  as  the  verbs  from 
which  they  are  derived,  govern. 

As,fcitatumoracula  Phoebi  mittimus  ;  we  fenct 
to  inquire  of  the  oracle  of  Phoebus. 

RULE  II. 

The  fupine  in  urn,  has  an  active  fignifi cation^ 
and  is  governed  by  verbs  and  participles  figni- 
fying  motion  to  a  place. 

As,  milites  funt  mifli  fpeculatum  arcem ;  foldiers 
were  fent  to  view  the  tower. 

RULE  IIL 

The  fupine    in  u,  has  a  paflive  fignificatioilj 

d  is  governed  by  adjectives. 

As,  horribile  vifu  ;  horrible  to  befcen^ 

TIME. 
RULE  I. 

Nouns,  that  fignify  the  time,  vfon,  are  general^ 
ly  put  in  the  ablative. 

As,  hejlerno  die  abiit ;  he  Departed,  yejlerday* 
H  Run 


?-S         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of-thc 
RULE  II. 

Nouns,  tliatfignify  the  continuance  of  time,  are 
commonly  put  in  the  accufative. 

As,  ftudebat,  quatuof  annos  ;  he  flu  died,  four 
•years* 

Remarks. 

1.  The  time,  when,   may  be  in  the  accufative. 
As,  id  tcmpus  creatus  eft   Conful  ;  he  was* created 
Conful,  at  that  time.     And  the  continuance  of  time 
is  fometirnes  put  in   the  ablative.     As,    imperavit 
triennio,et  decemmenfcbus,  ofloquediebus  ;  he  reign- 
ed three  yiars,  ten. months,  and  -eight,  days. 

2.  Nouns,  that  exprefs  the  time,  when,  and  con- 
tinuance of  time,  are Tometimes. governed  by  prep- 
olitions,   in  the .  accufative3  or  ablative.     As,  ne 
detine  in  annum  integrum,  quod  commodatum  eft, 

.in  die  ;  detain  not,  a  whole  year,  what  is  lent  thee? 
for  a  day* 

NAMES   OF  TLzVCES. 

.'RULE  I. 

'Nouns,  that  fignify  the  names  of  kingdoms, 
citie§  and  towns,  if  they  are  of  the/r/2,  orfecond, 
declenfion,  and  fingular  number,  are  put  in  the 
genitive. 

As,  Romcc  Cicero  vixit ;  Cicero  lived,  at  Rome, 

RULE  II. 

Proper  names  of  places,  that  are  of  the  plural 
number  only,  or  of  the  third  declenfion,  are  put 
in  the  ablative. 

As,  Hannibal  Carthagine  vixit;  Hannibal  lived 
&t  Carthage.     Socrates  mortuus  eft  Athcnis  ;  Soc- 
't.es  died  at  Athens. 

RULE 


LATIN     LANGUAGE.  S7 

RULE  III. 

Proper  names  of  places,  after  verbs  of  motion,?.. 
are  put'in  the  accufative. 

As-,  Romam  venit  ;  he  came  to  Romt. 

RULE  IV. 

The  proper  name  of  a  place,  from  which  a  per<*  •* 
fon  goes,  is  put  in  the  ablative. 

As,  profeclus  eft  Corintho  ;  he  went  from  Corinth} 


The  diftance  of  orre  place  from  another  is  puif 
in  the  accufative,  or  ablative. 

As,  Wigorniaxliftat  Prpvidenjti^quadraginta  mil- 
lid  paffuum  ;  Worcefter  is  forty  miles  diftant  from.  - 
Providence.  . 

Remarks. 

1.  Domus  and   rus,    and  thefe  genitive  nouns,' 
militi*,  humi,  and  belli,  fignifying  the  place  where, 
fplloxv   the  conftru6lion    of  proper  names.     As, 
humi  ft  erni  turbos  ;  the  ox  is  knocked  to  the  ground. 

2.  The  proper  names  of  countries,   cities,   and 
many  appellatives,  after  verbs  of  motion,  frequent- 
ly take  a  prepofition  before  them.     As,   ad  Gene- 
vam  profeclus  eft  ;  he  went   to  Geneva.     Ibant  a£ 
tcmplum  ;  they  wenfc  to  the  temple. 

3.  ^5,  in  the  accufative  plural,   always  takes 
ad  before  it..     As,  ad  rura  ;  into  the  country. 

4.  Domi,  when  it  means,  at  horns  r  can  have  no1  - 
adje6tive  to  agree  with  it,  but  thefe  genitives,  mece, 
tux.fiiE,  noftrce,  vcjlrce,  alienee.      When  connected 
with  any  other  adjeftive,    it  muft  :be  in  the  abla^ 
tive.     As,  vivit  demo  fuperba*  . 

5,  The 


88         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

5.  The  proper  name  of  a  city,  town,  or  place, 
•nigh  to  which,  or  before  which,  any  thing  is   done, 
is  put  in  the  accufative  with  ad.     As,  bellum  quod 
geiferat  ad  Trojam  ;  the  war,  which   fhe  carried 
on,  at  Troy. 

6.  Two  nouns,  exprefling  place  and  belonging 
to  one  thing,  the  one  being  a  proper  noun,  and  the 
other  common,    cannot  be  in  apportion,    although 
no  word  is  placed  between  them.     As,  primum 
Antiochice — loco  nobili,  et  celebri  quondam  urbe  et 
copiofa.     To  fay,  natus  eft  Eboraci,  urbis  affluen- 
tis,  is  bad  Latin  3  it  ought  to  be,   urbe  affluent! » 
The  noun  urbe,  is  governed  by  in,  underftood* 

ADVERBS. 
RULE  I. 

Adverbs  govern  the  fame  cafes,  as  the  words,' 
from  which  they  are  derived,  govern. 

As,  venit  obviam  nobis  ;  he  came  to  meet  us. 
Ilia  canit  fi  mi  liter  cycno,  or  cycni  ;  fhe  fings  like  a 
fwan.  Caftra  propius  urbem  moventur.  Inutil- 
iter  amicis  vivit.  Hoc  eft  convenienter  omnibus. 

RULE  II. 

Adverbs  of  time,  place,  and  quantity,  with  inftar 
and  ergo,  govern  the  genitive. 

As,  ergo  illius  ;  for  his  fake.     Inftar  month  ;  as 
large  as  a  mountain.     Satis  eloquential  ;  enough  of 
eloquence.     Pridie  calendarum  ;  the  day  before  the 
calends.     Nufquam  loci  ;  no  place. 
RULE  III. 

Adverbs  of  the  comparative  and  fuperlative  de- 
grees, govern  the  fame  cafe  that  their  adje&ives 
govern. 

As, 


•  '  I  N    L  A  N  G  U  A  G  F 

As,  qui  gerunt  fe  cautiflime  omnium,   ct  vivunt 
tius,tf/w5   ;    they    that    conduct.   the    u; 
of  ail  men,  and  live  .chfully 


v  y  . 

,  and  A^i.  govern  an  accufative  or  the, 
thing,  and  dative  of  the  / 

As,  en   tibi  quatuor   ara*  I  lo,  four  altars 
you  J 

Remark..  . 

When  they  upbraid,  they  have  the  accufative 
only.  As,  en  kommcm  ;  what  a  man: 

RULE  V. 

Ce'dd,  ufed  adverbially,   governs  the  accufati 
As,  cedo  ilium  librum  ;  give  me  that  book. 

RULE  VI. 

Thefe  adverbs,  aliter,  ante,  pojt,  and,  fecus,  gov- 
ern the  ablative  of  the  noun,  that,  fignifies  the 
quantity. 

As-,  longo  poft  tempore  ;  a  long  time  after. 
^..aliter^  .  Paulo  fecus.     Paulo  poft.   ,Mw/ 

RULE  VII.   . 

Thefe  adverbs  ;  quoad,  until  ;  qua/I  ;  as  though  > 
tanquam,  as  ;  ac  Ji,  even  as  ;  ^z^w  until,  govern,  i 
verbs,  in  the  conjun6livre  mode  only, 

RULE.  VIII. 

The  adverb,  .ne,.  in,  forbidding,  may  govern   ei-   - 
ther  the  imperative,  or  conjunctive  mode,  indif-j 
ferently.     But,  when  it  fignifies  left,  or  .left  fthat>    . 
it  muft  have  the  conjun6live  only. 


go         A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE  of  the 

RULE  IX. 

Thefe  adverbs,  donee,  as  long  as  ;  ut,  when,  or 
after  that  ;  dum,  whilft,  or  as  long  as,  if  a  nom- 
inative and  a  verb  come  next  after  them,  govern 
the  indicative  mode  only. 

As,  dum  lujlrat  fingula  fub  ingenti  templo,  ut 
tvnjpexit  fpolia  ;  currus,  ipfumque  corpus  amicu 

Remark. 

The  other  adverbs  may  take  either  the  indica- 
tive, or  conjunctive,  mode. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions  couple  like  modes,  times,  and 
cafes,  except  when  the  government  otherwife  de- 
mands. 

As,  Socrates  docuit  Xenophontem  et  Platoncm  $ 
Socrates  taught  Xenophon  and  Plato. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

RULE  I. 

Verbs,  compounded  with  prepofitions,  govern 
ihe  cafe  of  their  prepofitions,  when  their  force  falls 
on  the  cafual  word. 

As,  adivit  templum  ;  he  went  to  the  templet  De- 
trudunt  naves  fccpulo  ;  they  fhove  the  mips  from 
ihc  rock. 

RULE  II. 

Verbs,  compounded  with  a,  ab,  ad,  con,  de,  e9 
ex,  and  in,  often  admit  a  fimilar  prepofition  be- 
fore the  cafual  noun. 

As,  hominibus  Deus  juflit  abjiinert  a  mails ; 
Cod  hath  commanded  men  to  aljlainfrom  evil. 

RULE 


LATIN    LANGUAGE.        gc 

RULE  III. 

Nouns  and  pronouns  are  often  governed,  by 
prepofitions  underflood. 

As,  habeo  te  loco  parentis  ;  I  have  you  in  the 
place  of  my  father. 

RULE  IV. 

Thefe  thirty  two  prepofitions  govern  the  accu* 

fative  ;  ad,  adverfus,  adverfum,  ante,  apud,  circa, 
circiim,  circiter,  cis,  citra,  contra,  erga,  extra,  infra, 
inter,  intra,  juxta,  ob,  penes,  per,  pone,  pojl,  prater, 
prope,  propter,  fecundum,  fecus.  fupra,  trans,  ultra, 
verfus,  ufque,  or  ufque  ad. 

RULEV. 

Thefe  thirteen  prepofitions  govern  the  abbu 
tive  ;  a,  ab,  abs,  abfque,  coram,  cum,  dc,  et  ex,  palam, 
free,  pro,  fine. 

RULE  VI. 

Tenus  may  govern  a  noun,  in  the  genitive  or 
ablative  plural.  If  the  noun  be  fingular,  it  is  put 
in  the  ablative  only. 

As,  pube  tenus  ;  up  to  the  waift*  Mento  tenus  \ 
up  to  the  chin.  Humeris,  or  humerorum  tenus  ; 
up  to  thejhoulders.  Athenarum  tenus  ;  as  far  as 


RULE  VII. 

In,fub,fubter,  andfuper,  implying  motion  to  a 
place,  or  thing,  govern  the  accufative. 

As,  ivit  in  undam  ;  he  went  into  the  -water.  Sub 
WHznia  tendit  ;  he  goes  under  the  wall.  Incidity^- 
per  agmina  ;  he  fell  upon  the  troops.  Ducitfubtcr 
;  he  brings  him  under  the  roef. 


3«  ;        A  GRAMMATICAL  INSTITUTE, 

RULE  VIII. 

If  fettlementj  reft,  or  motion  in  a  place  be  ex- 
prefled,  then  in,fu,b,fubtcr;  and  fuper,  govern  ei-, 
ther  the  accufative  or  ablative. 

As,  difcurrit  in  fchola  ;  he  runs  up  and  down 
in  the  fchooL  Frond*  fuper  viri di  ;  ,  upon  the 
greengrafs. 

RULE  IX. 

Clam  governs  the  accufative  or.  ablative  indifv 
ferently. 

As,  c\a.mjudiccm,  or  judice  ;  unknown  to  the, 
judge. 

N.  B.  When  prepofitions  loofe  their  govern-; 
tnent,  they  become  adverbs.  .As,  pone  fubit  con-, 
jux  ;  my  wife  comes  behind. 

I  NTJER  J  ECTI  ONS. 

Ah  and  vah  govern  the  accufative  and  vocative? 
Hens  and  ohe  govern  the  vocative. 
Hei  and  v<z  govern  the  dative. 
Heu,  0,  and  pro  govern  the  nominative,  accu* 
fative  and  vocative. 

THE  ANSWER. 

The  queflion  and  anfwer  are  put  in  the  faine 
time  of  the  verb,  and  cafe  of  the  noun. 

As,  Cujus  eft  fundus  ?  Vicini.  Whofe  farm  is 
this  ?  Anfwer  \  My  neighbour  V 


APPENDIX, 


93 
""  *        T*-'-- 

APPEND          X. 


SECTION      I, 

GRAMMATICAL  FIGURES. 

1HE  more  important  and  ufeful 
grammatical  figures  are,  the  metafltifmus,  enallagct 
and  ettipjis* 

METAPLASMUS 

Is  the  changing    of  a  word   from  its    common 
orthography,  in  the  following  manner  : 

1.  Prothejis  is   the  addition   of   fome  letters,  to 
the  beginning  of  a  word  ;  as,  gnatus  fov  natus. 

2.  Apharefis  omits   fome  letters,  or  fyllables,  at 
the    beginning  of   a   word  ;    as,  ttmnere  for    con~ 
temnere. 

3.  Epenthefis  is  the  infertion  of  fome   letters,  in 
the  middle  of  a  word ;  as,  rdliquicc  for  reliquice. 

4.  The  Syncope  is  the   omiflion  of  letters,  in  the 
middle  of  a  word  ;  as,  extinxti  for  extinxifti. 

5.  Apocope  omits   fome  letters,   at  the  end  of  a 
word;  as,  ingcni  for  ingenii. 

6.  Paragoge   fuffixes  fome  letters  to  the  end  of 
a  word  j  as,  accingier  for  accingi. 

7.  Mctathejk 


94  A     P     P    E    N    D     I     X. 

7.  Metathefis   changes-  the   natural   pofition  of 
letters. 

8.  Antithejis  is  the  ufihg  of  one  letter  for  anoth- 
er ;  as,  olli  for  illl. . 

9.  Tmefts ^divides  a  word,  and  puts  another  be- 
tween, the  two  parts  ;  as,  quiwawcunque,  for  qui- 
cunquemzw. 

ENALLAGE 

Is  the  interchanging  of  one  word,  or  part  of 
fpeech  for  another  ;  as,  fatis  vini  bibitur.  Here 
Jatis,  an  advtrb,  is  ufed  in  lieu  of  abundantia.  The 
other  parts  of  Ipeech  are  interchanged  in  this  man- 
ner, 

ELLIPSIS 

Is  the  elegant  omiffion  of  fome  word  in  a  fen- 
tence.  As,  ibant  ad  Sanfti  Pauli  :  In  this  fen- 
tence  ecclejiam  is  elegantly  omitted. 


SECTION       II. 

DISTINCTION  of  GENDERS. 

The  proper  names  of  heathen  gods,  of  men,  of 
any  male  creature,  of  mountains,  of  months,  of 
rivers,  and  winds,  are  mafculine  gender. 

The  proper  names  of  heathen  goddeffes,  of 
women,  of  any  female  creature,  of  countries,  cfi 
cities,  of  iflands,  are  feminine  gender. 

Common  names  of  trees  are,  generally,  of  the 
feminine  gender. 

The  names  of  birds  and  beafls,  meaning  either 
he,  or  Jhc ,  are  either  mafculine  or  feminine. 

The. 


APPENDIX.  95 

The  common  names  of  offices  and  things  apper- 
taining to  men,  are  of  the  mafculine  gender,  and 
thofe  appertaining  to  women  are  of  the  feminine 
gender.  But  if  the  names  are,  indifferently,  ap^ 
plied  to  either  male,  or  female,  they  are  of  the 
common  gender. 

All  nouns  undeclined,  and  thofe  ending  in  um, 
are  of  the  neuter  gender. 

Common  gender  contains  both  male  and  fe* 
male  ;  as,  parent,  father,  or  mother. 

To  the  doubtful  gender  belong  all  nouns,  that, 
fey  good  authors,  are  ufed  in  application  to  both 
fexes  ;  as  dies,  a  day. 

To  the  epicene  gender  belong  nouns,  that  are  in- 
differently applied,  either  to  the  male  or  female  j 
as,  paffer,  a  fparrow  ;  aquila,  an  eagle. 


SECTION       III. 

COCNATA  TEMPORA. 

From  the  firfl  perfon  fingular,  prefent  time,  in- 
dicative mode,  are  derived  the  imperfect  time  and 
firft  future  of  the  indicative  ;  the  imperative 
mode  ;  the  prefent  and  imperfect  times  of  the  con- 
junctive mode  ;  the  prefent  time  of  the  infinitive  ; 
the  prefent  participle  and  the  gerunds. 

As,  amo  ;  amabam,  amabo,  ama,  amem,  ama- 
rem,  amare,  amans,  arnandum,  amandi,  amando. 

From  the  perfectv^time  of  the  indicative  are 
formed  the  pluperfect  and  fecond  future  of  the 
fame  mode;  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  firft  and 
fecond  future  of  the  conjunctive  mode  ;  the  perfe6l 

and 


96  APPENDIX. 

and  future  of  the  infinitive  ;  the  fupines,  the  par- 
ticiple of  the  prefent  time,  and  future  in  rus. 

As,  amavi ;  amaveram,  amavero,  amaverim, 
amaviflem,  amavero  ;  amavifle,  amaturum  effe  -9 
smatum,  amatu  ;  amatus,  amaturus. 


SECTION      IV, 
PARTICULAR   REMARKS. 

1.  Syllabic,  or  tnclytic  adje&ions,  are  letters  add- 
ed  to  words,  to  make  them  more  emphatical ;  as, 

met,  te,  cc,  pfe^  pit,  cine,  nam,  dam,  dcm,  quam,  vc9 
fote,  cunque  and  fiam. 

2.  Cardinals  are   nouns  of  number  ;  as,  unus, 
duo,  tres,  quatuor,  &c. 

3.  G entiles  are  denominations  of  perfons,  taken, 
from  their  countries  ;  as,  Romanus  from  Roma. 

4.  A^TT^rtffoareadje&ives,  that  denote  number; 
as,  one,  &c.  Firft,  &c.  Once,  &c. 

5.  Ordinal  adjtttives   are  thefe,  primus,  fccun- 
dus,  &c. 

6.  Patronymics  are    denominations   of    perfons 
from  their  anceflors  ;    as,  Pelides  ;    Achilles,  the 
fon  of  Peleus. 

7.  Patronymicah  are  names  taken  from  things; 
as  cities,  towns,  fprings,  rivers,  mountains.     7/«r- 
des,  Trojan  women,   from  Ilium  a  name  for  Troy* 

8.  Primitives  are  thofe   words,  that  are  not  de- 
rived from  any  other  word  whatever. 

S  ECTION 


APPEND     I     X.  97 

SECTION       V. 

IRREGULAR  NOUNS. 
Fir/I  Decknjion. 

Nouns  of  the  firft  declenfion  have  their  nom- 
inative cafe  end  in  a,  as,  es,  and  e.  As,  penna, 
jEneas,  Anchifes,  Penelope. 

The  genitive  fmgular  fometimes  ends  in  ai  ;  as, 
piftai ;  aulai. 

Thefe  nouns,  anima,  Dea,  domina,  equa,  famula, 
filia,  mula,  nata,ferva,focia,  make  their  dative  and 
ablative  plural  in  abus,  to  diftinguifh  them  from 
their  mafculines,  in  is. 

The  genitive  plural  has  frequently  fome  letters 
taken  out,  by  a  fyncope  ;  as,  ALneadum,  for  ^£72^ 
adarum  ;  Grajugenum,  for  Grajugenarum. 

Second  Declenfion. 

Proper  names  of  men,  in  ius,  make  the  vocative 
in  i  ;  as,  Gcorgius,  Georgi.  Alfo  Jilius  and  genius 
make  their  vocative  JUi  and  geni.  Nouns,  that 
end  in  us,  have  their  vocative  in  e.  But  Deus 
makes  vocative  Dens.  Agnus,  Bacchus,  chorus,Jlu- 
TJIUS,  lucus,  and  vulgus  may  have  their  vocative  ei- 
ther in  z,  or  e. 

The  genitive  plural  may  fuffer  an  omiffion  of 
letters  ;  as,  Deum,  for  Deo  rum. 

All  nouns  of  the  neuter  gender,  of  whatever 
declenlion,  have  the  nominative,  accufative,  and 
vocative  alike.  And  thefe  three  cafes,  inthej&fe^ 
ral,  ever  end  in  a. 

Third  Declenfion. 

Nouns  of  this  declenfion  often  make  their  accu* 
fative  fingular  in  im,  or  in  ;  **9Jtiim  ;  gcncfin. 
I  The 


«A. 

t$  A     P     P     E    N     D     I     X. 

The  ablative  fingular  generally  ends  in  e.  When 
the  accusative  fingular  is  in  im,  the  ablative  lingular 
is  for  the  moll  part  in  i. 

Nouns,  that  end  in  two  confon  ants  and  increafe 
in  the  genitive  fingular,  make  the  genitive  plural 
in  ium  ;  as,  pars  ;  partium. 

A  few  nouns  are  excepted  from  this  remark  ; 
as,  hyems  ;  hyemum. 

Some,  that  have  their  genitive  plural  in  ium,  do 
often  make  their  accusative  plural  in  eis  ;  as,  par- 
teis,  for  paries. 

Neuters  of  this  declenfion,  that  end  in  al>  ar\ 
and  e,  have  the  ablative  Jingular  generally  in  i. 

When  the  ablative  Jingular  of  neuter  nouns, 
ends  in  2,  the  nominative,  accufative  and  vocative 
plural  end  in  ia. 

The  names  of  the  feafls  of  heathen  gods,  have 
ti&  genitive  plural  tften'm  omm ;  as,  SaturnaliorUm. 

Fourth  Declenfion. 

Thefe  nouns,  acus,  arcus.Jicus,  lacus,  partus,  guer- 
riis,  jpecus,  tribus,  make  the  dative  and  ablative  plu- 
ral in  ubus  ;  as,  partubus. 

Sometimes  the  genitive  fingular  ends  in  uis,  and 
the  dative  in  M. 

General  Remarks. 

A'ir  and  tr/A<rr  make  the  accusative  fingular  in 
fierc  and  cethera.  Crater  is  cratera,  lingular ;  era- 
Uras,  plural. 

Some  nouns  are  of  the  mafculine  gender  in  the 
fmgular  ;  and  mafculine  and  neuter  in  the  plu- 
ral ;  2iS,jocus  ;  locus.  Plural,  joci.joca  ;  kcijoca. 

Dindymus,  Gargarus,  Imarus,  MaJJicus,  Manalus, 
Tccnarus,  Taygetus  are  of  the  mafculine  gender,  in 

the 


APPENDIX.  99 

the  fingular  ;  in  the  plural,  they  are  of  the  neuter 
gender. 

Raftrum,  frenum,  capiftrum,  and  flum,  in.  the 
fingular  number,  are  of  the  neuter  gender  ;.  in  the 
plural,  they  are  either  mafculine,  or  neuter. 

Pergamus  andfuppkx,  in  the  fingular  are  of  the 
feminine  gender  ;  in  the  plural  they  are  of  the 
neuter  gender.  As,  fingular,.  Pcrgflimu  ;  plural, 
Ptrgama. 

Delirium,  epidum,  and  nundlnum,  m  th^  fingular f 
are  of  the  fecond  declenfion  neuter  gender  ;  in  the 
plural  they  are  of  the  firft  declenfion.  As,  fingu- 
lar, epulum  ;  plural,  epulss. 

The  following  nouns  are,  rarely,  ufed  in  the 
fingular  number  :  A£la,  antes-,  antiae,  arrna,  ar- 
tus,  bellaria,  blanditiae,  calendas,  cancelli,  caftrar 
crepundia,  cunabula,  cunae,  dirae,  divitiae,  excu- 
biae,  exequiae,  exta,  exuviae,  fafti,  feriae,  gratis, 
idus,  ilia,  induciae,  induviae,  inferiae,  infidiae,  jul- 
ta,  lades,  lendes,  lernures,  liberi,  literae,  luftra, 
niagalia,  majores,  manes,  manubiae,  mapalia, 
minae,  minores,  moenia,  munia,  natales,  nonae^. 
nugas.  nuptias.  penates.  phalereE.  plagse,  praecordia, 
primi;iae,  quifquilias,  reliquiae,  rollra.  fponfalia, 
fuppetiae,  tenebrae,  tefqua,  thermae,  tricae,  valvae,. 
vrndiciae,  vifera. 

Thefe,  that  follow,  are  feldom  ufed  in  the  plu- 
ral number  :   Aer,    aether,  barathram,  bills,   coe- 
num,  cholera,  decor,  defrutum,  fames,  far,   fcl,  fi-- 
mus,    fuga,    gluten,    hefperus,    hordeum,    halec, 
humus,  indoles,  invidia-,jubar^juftitium,juventus, . 
lac,  labes,  lethum,  limus,  lues,  mel,  mulfum,  muf-- 
cus,   nemo,  nihilum^  nitrum,  paupertas,  pelagus, 
pinus,  pituita,  pontus,  proles,  pubes.  putror,  pus,; 
<mies,  falum,  falus,  fanguis,  fapientia,  fanies,  fe- 


loo          A     P    P    E    N    D    I    X, 

nefta,  feneclus,  fenium,  fitis,  foboles,  tabes,  talio, 
tellus,  thus,  tuflis,  valetudo,  ver,  vefper,  vigor, 
virus,  vifcum,  vitrum,  vulgus. 

Nouns,  that  defignate  the  feftivals  of  the  hea- 
then gods,  are  ufed  in  the  plural  only.  As  Bac- 
chanalia, feafts  in  honour  of  Bacchus. 

Some  nouns  are  ufed  in  the  abiativejingularonly •• 
as,  no&u,  juffu,  natu,  promptu,  injuffu,  permiffu. 

Some  nouns  are  ufed  without  any  cafe  ;  as, 
fas,  genu,  tot,  inftar,  frugi,  expes,  gelu,  tempe, 
quot,  gummi,  nil,  nihil,  cornu. 

Other  nouns  have  two  cafes  only  ;  as,  fors, 
forte  ;  fpontis,  fponte  ;  impetis,  impete  ;  repe- 
tundarum,  repetundis  ;  fuppetias,  fuppetias. 

Others  have  three  cafes  ;  as,  opis,  opem,  ope  ; 
virus,  viri,  viro. 

The  proper  names  of  men,  in  general,  are  not 
nfed  in  the  plural  except  when  they  are  ufed  as 
common  nouns  ;  as,  Catones,  the  Catoes. 

N.  B.  Attention  to  the  Latin  dictionary  and 
good  authors  will  teach,  in  the  bed  manner,  the 
whole  variety  of  irregular  nouns. 


SECTION       VI. 

THIRD  PERSONAL  VERBS. 

Grammarians,  both  Englifh  and  Latin,  have 
fpoken  much  concerning  imperfonal  verbs.  But, 
ftri&ly  fpeaking,  there  are  no  fuch  verbs,  in  ekher 
language.  It  rains,  it  is  warm,  it  thunders,  it  be- 
ftoves,  it  becomes,  are  not,  in  any  fenfe,  imperfonal 
verbs.  For  it  is  the  nominative  word  to  each 
ieparate  verb  ;  and  it  is  the  relative  to  fome  an- 
tecedent noun  undej  flood.  Thus, 


A    P    P    E    N    D    I    X. 

Thus,  in  'Latin,  decet,  libet,  licet,  liquet,  mifcret, 
oportet,  piget,  pxnitet,  pudet,  and  todct,  are  not, 
properly  fpeaking,  imperfonal  verbs.  To  thefe 
verbs -the  word  negotium,  penfwm,  officium,  res,  &cv 
Or  fome  verb  in  the  infinitive,  are  ufed  as  nomina- 
ives  cafes.  To  afcertain  precisely  what  word 
underftood  is  the  nominative,  we  mud  be  direft- 
ed  by  the  nature  of  the  fentence. 

The  ten  preceding  verbs  are  never  ufed,  but  in  i 
the  third  perfon,    fingular  and  plural   number  ;. 
their   nominative    being    generally    underftood. 
And  they  may  be  ufed,  in. any  time  of  the  indica. 
tive,  conjunctive,  or  infinitive.      They  are  aftive. 
verbs,  and  have  government  of  cafe,  as  is  largely/ 
fhewn  in  the  Syntax. 

Befides  thefe,  many  other  verbs  are  occafional- 
ly  ufed,  in  the  third  perfon  fingular  ;  fome  gene- 
ral  word    being  underftood  for  the  nominative.. 
Among  which  we  may  enumerate  the  following: 
Accidit,  benefit,  competit,   eonducet,  confert,  canfiat, 
contingiti  convenit,  attinet,pertincttfpe5lat,  difplicet^ 
dolet,  cvenit,  cxpedit,  malefit,  nocet,  obeft,  patet,  pla« 
cet,  prcejlat,  prodejl,  rejlat,  fdtisfit,  fiat,  d€lettat,juvat, 
debet,  coepit,  incipit,  definit,  debet,folet,  potefi,  fuffi* 
cit,fuperefi,  vacat,fallit,figit,  latet,  and  prceterit. 

Many  paflive  and  neuter  verbs  may  be  ufed 
the  third   perfon  fingular,  having  fome   general 
word  underftood  for  the  nominative.     As,  agatur, . 
audiebatur,    legitur,  pugnatur,  fiatur,    -ventum   efi, . 
peccatur,  8cc. 

To  find  the  nominative  cafe  to  any  of  the  verbs 
mentioned  in  this  fe&ion,  afk  the  queftion.,  $What  ? 
For  example,  legitur.  ±  What  ?  Libtr>  the  book, 
wjcriptum,  the  writing,  &c, 

1  2  Thefe 


A     P     P    E     N    D    1    X. 

Thefe  verbs  are,  fometiraes,  ufed  in  the  third 
perfon  plural.  And  it  often  happens,  that,  both 
in  the  fingular  and  plural  number,  the  nomina- 
tive cafe  is  expreffed.  As,  decent  annos  mollia  reg- 
na  tuos.  Nemo  miferorum  commiferefcit.  <i  Te 
non  pudet  i/htd  ?—±  Non  te  hate  pudent  ? 


SECTION      VII. 

DEFECTIVE  VERBS. 

Verbs,  that  are  wanting,  in  any  times,  perfons, 
numbers,  or  modes,  are  laid  to  be  defective.  Of 
which  the  following  is  a  Catalogue. 


f 
IND.  f>ref-     Aio,          as,     at.     -         •  •     •     aunt. 

1     Imp.     Aiebam,  as,      at.     bamus,     batis,     bant. 

SUBJ.         Pref.     -  .  aias,    aiat.  aiamus,    aiatis,    aiant. 
L  hnpcr,  ai.  -  Part.        Aiens. 

APACE. 
IMPHR.  Sing,  Apage»  Plur.  Apagite. 

AVE. 

JMPER.  Sing.  Ave,  aveto.  Plur.  Avete,  avetote. 

INF  IN.  Avere. 

AUSIM. 
CONJ.  Sing*  Aufim,  aufis,  aufit.     Plur.  •  aufint, 

CEDO. 

IWPER,  Sing.  Cedo.  Plur.  Cedite. 

FOREM. 

CONJ.  Sing.  Forem,  fores,  foret.     Plur.  -  —  forent, 
IN  JIN.  Fore  \  the  fame  zsfuturum  ejfe. 

FAXO,  or  FAXIM. 
JND.  and  CONJ.  Sing,  Faxim,  faxis,  faxit.  imus;  itisj  int. 

IN  FIT. 

Pfart  --—  -  -  infiuntc 


APPEND     I:  X:          10 j 

IKQUIO,  or  INQUAM. 

(Prtf.  Inquam,   is,   it.    Inquimus,  itis,  iunt. 
Im»  —  —     inquiebat.          •         •  •  ••-    inquiebant, 
Per.    — —  inquifti,  inquit. • 
JF«t.    inquieSjiiiquiet. . 

€MPER.        Inque,  inquito.    ••  - 

CONJ.  •      inquiat.          PART.  Inquiens, 

QU/E.SO. 

IND.  Sing.  Quasfo,  is,  it.          Plur.  Quaefumus,  —  — 
INFIN.        Quaefere.  PART.  Quaefens. 

SALVE, 

IND.  Sing.  falvebis. IN* FIN.  Salvere. 

IMPZR.         Salve,          falveto.  Salvete,  falvetote. 

VALE. 

IND.  valebis,     INF  IN.  Valere. 

IMPER.    Vale,       valcto.  Valete,  valetote. 

The  three  following  verbs  have  the  times,  thai 
are  formed  from  the  perfeft  time  only. 

ODI,  oderim,  oderam,  odifTem,  odero,  odiffe, 
odiens,  ofus,  ofurus. 

MEMIN i,  memineram,  meminerim,  meminiflem, 
meminero,  meminiffe. 

CCEPI,  coeperam,  coeperim,  coepiffem,  coepero, 
coepiffe,  coeptus. 

Perofus  and  exofus  are  in  ufe  among  the  beft  au- 
thors. But  Perodi  and  Exodi  are  obfolete. 

Dor,  dcr  ;  for  ;  ji  ;  fci,  are  not  in  ufe.  But 
the  compounds  of  the  three  firft  are  fometimes 
ufed  :  As,  addor,  reddor,  effor,  affor. 


SECTION      VIII. 

RULES  for  the  Formation  of  tht  Perfed  Times  of 
Aftive  Verbs,  and  the  Supine  in  um. 

RULE  i.  The  perfe6l  time  of  the  fuft  conjuga- 
tion ends  in  avi ;  as  a  mo,  fer,  amavi, 

RULE 


ss4          A.    P    P    E    N    D    I     Xv 

RULE  2.  The  perfect  time  of  the  fecond  conju- 
gation ends  in  id  ;  as,  moneo,  per.  monui. 

RULE  3.  The  ending  of  the  perfeft  time  of  the 
third  conjugation,  is  governed  by  the  ending  of 
the  prefent  time,  in,  the  following  manner. 

The  prefent  time  in  makes  the  perfecl;  im 

bo-  bi  ;  fcabo,fcabi. 

co  ci  ;  difco,  didici. 

do  di  ;  panda,  pandt^ 

go  xi  ;  frigo,frixi. 

ho  xi  ;  traho,  traxi.. 

lo  ui  ;  cello,  cellui.. 

mo  ui  ;  vomo,  vomui,  , 

no  vi  ;  cerno,  cremt 

po  pfi  ;  fcalpojcalpji.. 

quo  qui  ;  linquo,  liqui.. 

ro  vi  ;  tero,  trim. 

Jo  fivi  ;  wrcejfo,  amffim*  . 

fco  vi  ;  pafco,  pavi. 

to  ti  ;  verto,  verti. 

tfto  cxi  ;  Jlefto,  Jlexi. 

w  vi  ;  who,  wlvi, 

xo  ui  ;  texo,  texui. 

do  ci  ;  f  ado,  fed. 
di  ;  f&dio^fodi*. 


fio  pi  ;  capio,  cepi. 

rie  ri  ;  pario,  pepcri. 

iio  Jft  ;  quatio,  quajfi.  . 

uo  ui  ;  Jtatuo,  jlatui* 

RULE  4.  The  perfect  time  of  the  fourth  con- 
jugation  ends  in  ivi;  as,  geftio,/er.  geflivi. 

Gompouiid 


APPENDIX.          105 

Compound  verbs  have  the  fame  perfect  times 
as  their  limple  verbs.  As;  doceo,  docui ;  edoceo, 
per.  edocui. 

But  if  the  fimple  verb  doubles  a  fyllable,  in 
the  perfeft  time,  the  compound  doth  not*  As> 
tundo,j&:r.  tutudi,  contundo,  per.  contudi. 


SUPINES. 

The  fupine  is  governed,  by  the  ending  of  the 
perfeft  time. 

The  perfe&  time  in        makes  the  fupine  in 

am  citum  ;  amavi,  amatum. 

bi  turn  ;  bibi,  bibitum. 

ci  ttum  ;  vici,  -uitturn. 

di  fum  ;  vidi,  vifum. 

gi  Bum  -,  legi,  kttum. 

li  fum  y  fefdli.falfum. 

mi  turn  -,  emi,  emptum. 

ni  turn  ;  veni,  ventum. 

pi  turn  ;  cepi,  captum. 

qui  £lum  i  liqui,  liftum. 

ri  fum  ;  veri,  verfum. 

pfi  plum  ;  fcrtpfi,  fcripumt, 

ti  turn  ;  Jleti.Jlatum. 

vi  turn  ;  Jlavi,Jlatum. 

ui  itum  ;  domui,  domitum* 

xi  ttum  i  vinxi,  vinftum. 

The  fupines  of  compound  verbs  are   the  fame 
as  their  limples.     As,  doffum,  tdoffitm. 

The 


APPENDIX. 


The  foregoing  art  the  GENERAL  RULES  of  forming  the  PER- 
FECT TIMES  of  ACTIVE  VERBS  and  the  SUPINE,  in. 
um.  From  thefe  general  rules,  however,  <here  art  many  ex- 
ceptions j  and  they  are  contained  in  the  following 

CATALOGUE. 
A- 

ABDO,  abderc,  abdidi,  abditum,  to  hide. 

Aboleo,  abolere,  abolui  and  abelevi.  abolitum,          to  abolijk. 
Abfcondo,  abfconderc,  abfconcfi,  abfconditum  "1  ,.  . 

and  abfconfum,  /  °  hlde* 

Abfoleo,  abfolere,  abfolevi.  abfolettim,          to  grow  out  of  ufe. 


Accerfo,  acccrfcre,  accerfivi,  acccriitum, 

Adipifcor,  adipifci,  adeptus  fum,  • — * 

Adolefco,    adolefcere,    adolui  and  adolovi, 
adultum, 

Ago,  agere,  egi,  aftum, 

Allicio,  allicere,  allexi,  alleftum, 
Jo,  alere,  alui,  akum  and  alitum, 

.mbigo,  ambigere, , , 

ticio,  amicere,  amicui  and  amixi,  amiftum, 

Ango,  angere,  anxi,  — , 

Annuo,  a-nnucre,  annui, , 

Aperio,  aperire,  aperui,  apertum, 

Apifcor,  apifci,  aptus'furn, , 

Applico,  applicare,  applicavi    and   applicui, 
applicatum  and  applicitum, 

Arcoo,  arcere,  arcui,  arcitum, 

Arccffo,  arceifcre,  arcefiivi,  arccffitum, 

Ardeo,  ardere,  arfi,  arfum, 

Audeo,  audere,  aufus  fum,  , 

Augeo,  augere,  auxi,  auftum, 

Aveo,  averej  , , 

B. 

BATUO,  batucrc,  batui,  batutum, 

Bibo,  bibere,  bibi,  bibitum, 

C. 

CADO.  cadere,  cecidi,  cafum, 

Caedo,  cacdere,  cecidi,  cxfum, 


to  calf, 
to  obtain, 

to  grew  up. 

to  do. 

to  allure. 

to  nouri/h. 

to  doubt* 

to  clothe, 

to  vex. 

to  nod, 

to  open. 

to  get. 

?    to  apply. 

to  keep  back. 

to  call. 

to  burn. 

to  dare. 

tv  increafe. 

to  covet. 

tob'-at.. 
to  drink. 

tofall. 
to  beat. 
Caleo, 


J  fhail  ufe  this 


mark  t©  denote  the  want  of  time  and  fupine,  in 


APPENDIX.  107 

Caleo,  calere,  calui,  calitum,  to  be  hot. 

Calveo,  calvere,  calvi, ,  to  be  bald. 

Cambio,  cambire,  campfi,  campfum,  to  exchange. 

Cano,  canere,  cecini,  cantum,  tofing. 

CapeiTo,  capeffere,  capeflivi,  capeflitum,  to  undertake. 

Capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum,  to  take. 

Careo,  carere,  carui  and  callus  fum,  carituin  1     ^  ^ 

and  cailum,  J 

Carpo,  carpere,  carpfi.  carptum,  to  crop. 

Caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cautum,  ts  bauare. 

Cedo,  cedere,  cefli,  ceflum,  to  yield. 

Cclo,  cellere,  ceculi,  culfurn,  to  break. 

Cenieo,  cenfere,  cenfui,  cenfum,  to  think. 

Cerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cretum,  to  decree, 

Cieo,  cisre,  civi,  citum,  to  incite. 

Claude,  claudere,  claufi,  claufum,  tofnut. 

Cluo,  cluere, , ,  tojkinc. 

Coeno,  coenare,  coenavi  and  cocnatus  Turn, ,      tofup. 

Coerceo,  coercere,  coercui,  coercitum,  to  refirain* 

Cogo,  cogere,  coegi,  coaftum,  to  compel. 
Collido,  collidere,  collifi,  collifum,                to Jlnke  togtth-.r. 

Colo,  colere,  colui,  cultum,  to  uorjhip. 
Comedo,  comedere,  comedi,  comefum  and  comeftum,  to  eat. 

Comminifcor,  comminifci,  commentus  fum,  to  invent. 
Como,  comere,  compfi,  comptum, 

Comperio,  comperire,  comperi,  compertum,  to  find  out. 

Compefco,  compefcere,  compefcui,  ,  to  pafturt* 

Concino,  concinere,  concinui,  concentum,  tofing  tog 

Conoutio,  concutere,  concuiTi,  concuirum,  t&Jhake. 

Condo,  condere,  condidi,  conditum,  to  build + 

Confiteor,  confiteri,  confeiTus  fum, ,  to  confefs. 

Conjicio,  conjicere,  conjeci,  conjeftum,  to  eajt  together. 

Conniveo,  connivere,  connivi  and  connexi,  -.   .    ,    to  wink. 

Confideo,  confidere,  confedi,  confeffum,  to  Jit  tog\'tk:r. 

Confulo,  confulere,  confului,  confultum,  to  confute. 

Coquo,  coquere,  coxi,  coftum,  tofiethe* 

Corrigo,  corrigere,  correxi,  corrcftum,  to  correct. 

Corripio,  corripere,  corripui,  correptum,  tofnatch. 

Corruo,  corruere,  corrui,  corrutum,  te  fall  down. 

Credo,  credere,  crcdidi,  creditum,  to  believe. 

Crepo,  crepare,  crepui,  crepitura,  to  refound. 

Ciibo,  cubare,  cubui,  cubitum,  to  lie  down. 

Curnbo,  cumbere,  cubui,  cubitum}  to  go  to  bed. 

Cupio,  cupere,  cupivi,  cupitum,  to  covet. 

Curro,  currerc,  cucurri,  curfurn,  to  run* 

DECIPIO, 


io8 


APPENDIX. 


D. 

DECIPIO,  decipere,  decepi,  deceptum, 
DecerpOj  decerpere,  decerpfi,  decerptum, 
Dedoj  dedere,  dedidi,  dcditum, 
Dego,  degere,  degi,  -  , 
Deleo,  delere,  delevi,  dcletum, 
Deliteo,  delitere,  delitui,  -  , 
JDcmo,  demere,  dempfi,  dcmptum, 
Defcifco,  defcifcere,  defcivi,  defcitum, 
Dcfilio,  defilire,  defiliviawd  defilii,  defultum, 
Dico,  dieere,  dixi,  diftum, 
Defiteor,  defiteri,  defejGTus  fum,  --  , 
Digredior.  digredi,  digrcffus  fum,  -  , 
Difco,  difcere,  didici,  -  , 
Difpcfco,  difpcfcere,  difpefcui,  -  , 
Difpergo,  diipergere.  dilperii,  difperfum, 
Difpliceo,  difplicere,  difplicui,  difplicitum, 
Divide,  divioere,  diviii,  divifum, 
Do,  dare,  dedi,  datum, 
Dolco,  dolere,  dolui,  dolitum, 
Domo,  domarc,  domui,  domitum, 
Duco,  ducerc,  duxi,  du6tum, 

E. 

5GEO.  egere,  egui,  -  , 
Elicio,  eliccre,  elicui,  cli6lum, 
Eligo,  eligere,  clegi,  ele£lum, 
Emineo,  eminere,  eminui,  •••••--, 
Emo,  cmere,  emi,  emptum, 
Enitor,  eniti,  enifus  and  enixus  fums  -  , 
Eo,  ire,  ivi,  itum, 
Eripio,  eripere,  eripui,  ereptum, 
Efurio,  efurirc,  efurivi,  efuritum, 
Excello,  cxccllere,  excellui,  excelfum, 
Exculpo,  cxculpcre,  cxculpii,  exculptum, 
Excutio,  excutere,  excufli,  excuffum, 
Exerceo,  exercerc,  excreui,  exercitum, 
Exigo,  exigere,  exegi,  exa&um, 
Expcrgifcor,  expcrgifci,  experreftus  fum, 
Expcrior,  cxperiri,  cxpcrtus  fum,  -  , 
Exuo,  exuere,  exui,  exutum, 

F. 
FACESSO,  facefTere,  faccfli  and  faceffivi, 

faccffum  and  faccffitum, 
Facio,  faccre,  feci,  faftum, 


to  deceive. 

to  crop  off. 

to  yield. 

to  live. 

to  blot  out. 

to  lie  hid. 

to  take  away. 

to  revolt. 

to  leap  down. 

tofpeak. 

to  deny. 

to  digrefs. 

to  learn. 

to  drive  beajls» 

tofcatter. 

to  difpleafe. 

to  divide. 

to  give. 

to  grieve. 

to  tame. 

to  lead. 

to  want. 

to  draw  out, 

to  tie  ft. 

to  excel. 

to  buy. 

to  endeavour. 

to  go. 

to  fnatch. 

to  be  hungry. 

to  be  eminent. 

to  grave. 

tojliake. 

to  extrcife. 

to  demand. 

to  awake. 

to  try. 

to  unclothe. 


. 

*°  d°* 
to  do» 
Fallo, 


APPENDIX. 

Fallo,  failere,  fcfelli,  falfum, 

Farcio,  farcire,  farft,  fartum  and  farftum3 

Fateor,  fateri,  faffus  fum, , 

Fatifco,  fatifcere, , , 

Fatifcor,  fatifci,  feflfus  fum, , 

Faveo,  favere,  favi,  fautum, 

Fcrio,  ferire, ,  3 

Ferveo,  fervere,  fervi. , 

Fervefco,  fervefcere,  fervi,  — 

Fido,  fidere,  fifus  fum, , 

F*g°>  %ere,  fixi,  fixum, 
Findo,  findere,  fidi,  fiffum, 
Fingo,  fingere,  finxi,  fiftum, 

Flaveo,  flavere,  flavi,  , 

Flefto,  fleftere,  flexi,  flexum, 
Fleo,  flere,  flevi,  fletum, 
Fluo,  fluere,  fluxi,  fluxum, 
Fodio,  fodere,  fodi,  foffum, 
Frango,  f  range  re,  fregi,  fraftum, 
Fnco,  fricare,  fricui,  friftum, 

Frigeo,  frigere,  frixi,  — , 

Fruor,  frui,  fruitus  and  frudus  fum.  — 
Fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  fugitum, 
Fulcio,  fukire,  fulci,  fultum, 

Fulgeo,  fulgere,  fulfi, -9 

Fundo,  fundere,  fudi,  fufum, 

jFuro,  furere, }  __^__ 

r< 

GAUDEO,  gaudere,  gavifus  fum, 

tjero,  gerere,  geffi,  geftum, 
Geflio,  geftire,  geftivi,  geaitum, 
J^jgno,  gignere,  genui,  genitum, 

Ghfco,  ghfcere, _, 

Oradtor,  gradi,  greffus  fum,  ._ 


to  dective. 
to  Jtuf. 
to  conftfs. 
to  gape. 
be  to  z^eary^ 
to  favour, 
tofirikc. 
to  be  hot. 
to  wax  hot. 
to truft. 
to  jix. 
to  cleave, 
to  feign. 
to  be  yellow, 
to  bend, 
to  weep, 
to  ficw* 
to  dig. 
to  break, 
to  rub. 
to  be  cold. 
>  to  enjoy, 

to  fee. 
to  prop, 
tojhine. 
to  empty, 
to  be  mad. 

to  rejoice, 
to  carry, 
to  leap  for  joy. 
to  beget. 


to  go. 


H^EREO,  haerere,  hacfi,  haefu'm, 

Haurio,  haurire,  haufi  and  haufivi,  hauftum  and  1 

nauhtum,  >  to  draw. 

^S^SSfer^  *s:tt: 

iro     l^F»r/»     ifi      ' £i  "®  trlrOtt}. 

ACO,  icere,  ici,  ictum, 

Immineo,  imminere,  {„,„;„„;, *£££ 

Impertxo,  .mpertire,  impertivi)  i,,,^^  ^^ 


APPENDIX, 

ImpingOj'impingere,  impegi,  impa&um,  -tojlumblt, 

Impleo,  implere,  iinplevi,  impletum,  to  Jill, 
Inceflb,  inceffere,  inceffi  and  inceflivi,  mce'ffitum,  to  provoke, 

Incido,  incidere,  incidi,  incafum,  to  Jail  into, 

Incipio,  in-cipere,  incepi,  irrccptum,  to  begin. 

Indigeo,  indjgere,  indigui, ,  to  want, 

Indo,  iridere,  indidi,  inditum,  to  put  in. 
Indulgeo,  indulgere.  indulfi.  indulfumand  1 

-indultum,                                                 }  to  pamper, 

Ineptio,  ineptire,  ineptivi.  ineptitum,  to  trifle. 

Jnficio,  inficere,  infeci,  infe6lum,  to /lain. 

Jngruo,  ingruere,  ingrui, ,  to  invade. 

Innuo,  innuere,  innui,  innutum,  to  nod. 

JnferOj  iiYferere,  infevi,  infitum,  tog  raff. 

Infero,  inferere,  inferui,  infertum,  to  inftrt. 

Intclligo,  intelligere,  intellexi,  intelleftum,  to  underftand. 

Jrafcor,  irafci,  iratus  fiun, 3  to  be  angry. 

Jrruo,  irruere,  irrui,  irrutum,  to  run  upon. 

Jubeo,  jubere,  jufli,  juffum,  to  bid. 

Jungo,  jungere,  junxi,  junftum,  to  join. 

Juvo,  juvare,  juvi,  jutum,  to  help. 

L*« 

LABO,  labarc, , ,  to  decay. 

Labor,  labi,  lapfus  fum, ,  tojlide, 

Laceffo,  laceilere,  lacefTi  and  laceflivi,  laceflitum,  to  provoke. 
JLacio,  lacere,  lacui  and  laxi,  lacitum  and  laftum,  to  enfnare. 

Laedo,  laedere,  laefi,  laefum,  to  hurt. 

Lambo,  lambere,  Iambi. ,  to  lick. 

JLateOj  iatere,  latui,  latitum,  to  hide. 

Lavt).  lavare,  and  lavere,  lavi,  and  lavavl,  lautum.,  1  « 

lotum,  and  lavatum,  J      ^ajll» 

Leo,  lere,  levi,  letum,  to  anoint. 

Lingo,  lingere,  linxi,  linftum,  to  lick. 

Lino,  lincre,  lini  and  livi,  litum,  to  daub. 

Linquo,  linquere,  liqui,  liftuto,  to  leave. 

Liquefio,  liquefieri,  liquefaftus  fum,               5  to  melt. 

Liqueo,  liquere,  licui, ,  to  wit. 

Liquor,  liqui, ,          •    ,  to  melt. 

Liveo,  livcre, , ,  to  be  black  and  blue. 

Loquor,  loqui,  locutus  fum,  •<         <    9  to  Jpcak. 

Luceo,  lucere,  luxi, ,  tojliinc. 

Ludo,  ludcrc,  lufi,  lufum,  to  play. 

Lugeo,  lugorc,  luxi,  luftunij  to  mourn. 

Luo.  lucre,  lui.  luitum,  to  expiate* 

MANDO, 


APPENDIX. 


xii 


M. 

MANDOj  mandere,  mandi,  manfum,  to 

Maneo,  manere,  manfi,  manfum,  to  tarry, 

Marcefco,  marcefcere,  marcui, ,  to  flag* 

Medeor,  mederi, , ,  to  heat.. 

Mereor,  mereri,  merui  and  meritus  fum}  to  merit.. 

Meio,  meire,  minxi.  mi6lum,  ta  make  water. 

Metior,  metiri,  menfus  fum, ,  to  meafure. 

Meto,  metere,  melTui,  raeflum,  to  mow.. 

Metuo,  metuerc,  metui, ,  to  fear., 

Mico,  micare,  micui,  ,  tojhinc. 

Mifturio,  mifturire,  mifturivi  and  mitluriij    1    to  dejire  to 

mifturitum,  j  make  water. 

Mingo,  mingere,  mirixi,  mi&um,  to  make  water*. 

Mifceo,  mifcere,  mifeui,  mixtum  and  miflum,          to  mingle. 

Mifereor,  mifereri,  mifertus  fum,  ,  to  pity* 

Mitto,  mittere,  mifi,  miffum,  to  fend*. 

Moereo,  moerere,  moeflus  fum,  ,  to  btjad.. 

Mordeo,  mordere,  momordi,  morfum,  to  bite. 

Morior,  mori,  mortuus  fum, ,  to  die. 

Moveo,  movere,  movi,  motum,  to  move. 

Mulceo,  mulcere,  mulft,  mulfum,  and  mulftum,      to  pacify* 
Mulgeo,  mulgere.  mulfi  and  mulxi,  mulfum  and   "\ 

muldum,  *°  ml*> 

N. 

NANCISCOR,  nancifci,  na£lus  fum, — ,         to  obtain* 

Neco.  necare,  necavi  and  necui,  n«catum  and   1 

neftum, 

Nefto,  neftere.  nexi  and  nexui,  neclum,  to  knit. 

Negligo,  negligere,  neglexi,.neglcftum,  to  ncgktt, 

Neo,  nere,  ncvi,  netum,  tojpin* 

Nexo,  nexare,  nexui,  nexum,  to  knitt 

Nideo,  nidere,  ,  ,  to  jhine* 

Nigreo,  nigrere,  nigrui, ,  to  grow  black, 

Ningo,  ningere,  ninxi, ,  to  f now. 

Nitor,  niti,  nifus  and  nixus  fum,  to  endeavour. 

Noceo,  nocere,  nocuf,  nocitum,  to  hurt. 

Nofco,  nofcere,  novi,  notum,  to  know. 

Nubo,  nubere,  nupCi'and  nupta  fam,     .  i..   ?    to;  fo  married, 

O. 
OBDO,  obdcre,  obdidi,  obditum,  to  bolt. 

Oblivifcor,  oblivifci,  oblitus  fum, f  to-  forget. 

Occido,  occidere,  occidi,  occaftim,  to  fell? 

Occido^.occidere,  occidi,  ofcifum,  to 

Qccl 


112         APPENDIX. 

Occludo,  occludere,  occlufi,  occlufum,  tojkvt. 

Occulo,  occulere,  occului,  occultum,  to  hide. 

•Odi,  odcre,  ofus  fum, ,  to  hate. 

Oleo,  olere,  olui,  olitum,  to  fmetl. 

Omitto,  omittere,  omifi,  omifTum,  to  omit. 

Operioj  operire,  operui,  opertum,  to  cover. 

Opprimo,  opprimere,  opprefii,  opprcflfum,  to  opprefs. 

Oraior,  ^ordiri,  orfus  fum,  • ?  to  begin. 

Ordior,  ordiri,  orditus  fum,               ,  to  weave. 

Orior,  oriri,  ortus  fum, ,  to  rife* 

Oflcndoj  oflendere,  oftendi,  oftenfum  ^n^oftcntum,  tojhou. 

P. 

PACISCOR,  pacifci,  paftus  fum,  — ,  to  bargain. 

JPando,  pandere,  pandi,  panfum  and  pa  (Turn,  to  open. 

Pango,  pangere,  panxi,  pegi,  pepigi,  paftum,  to  covenant. 

Parco,  parcere,  peperci,  parfi,  parfum,  to/pare. 

Paieo,  parere,  parui,  paritum,  to  obey. 

Pario,  parere,  peperi,  partum,  to  bring  forth, 

Pafco,  pafcere,  pavi,  paftum,  to  feed. 

Pateo,  patere,  patui,  pafTus  fum,  »  <  >       }  to  lie  open. 

Patior,  pati,  paffus  fum, ,  tofujfer. 

Paveo,  pavere,  pavi, ,  to  fear. 

Pcfto,  pe6lere,  pexi,  pexui,  pexum,  to  comb. 

Pedo,  pedere,  pepedi,  peditum,  to  break  taindt 

Pello,  pellere,  pepuli,  pulfum,  to  drive  away. 

Pendco,  pendere,  pe|)endi,  penfum,  to  hang. 

Perdo,  perdere,  perdidi,  perditum,  to  loofe. 

Pergo,  pergere,  perrexi,  perreftum,  to  proceed. 

Perimo,  perimere,  peremi,  peremptum,  to  kill. 

Perpetior,  perpcti,  perpefius  fum, ,  tofuffermuch. 

Perflo,  perflarc,  perftiti,  perftitum,  to  Jland. 

Pertingo,  pertingere,  pertigi,  pertaftum,  to  extend. 

Pertundo,  pertundere,  pertudi,  pertufum,  to  beat. 
PefTundo,  peffundare,  pelTundedi,  peffundatum,        to  undo. 

Peto,  petere,  petii,  petivi,  petitum,  to  ajk. 

Pingo,  pingere,  pinxi,  piftum,  to  paint. 
Pinfo,  pinfere,  pinfi,  pinfui,  pinfum,  pinfitum,   "I       ^  ^  ^ 

piftum,  J 

Placeo,  placere,  placui,  placitum,  to  phaft. 

Plaudo,  plaudcre,  plaufi,  plaufum,  to  rejoice. 

Plefto,  pleftere,  plexi,  plexum,  totuifl. 
Plico,  plicare,  plicavi,  plicui,  plicatuin  and  plicitum,  to  fold. 

Pluo,  pluere,  plui,  pluvi,  pluitum,  to  rain. 

Polleo,  pollere, , ,  to  be  able. 

Pono, 


A    P-   F    E 


D 


X. 


113 


Eono,  ponere,  pofui,  pofitum,  to  place. 

Pofco,  pofcere,  popofci,  pofcitum,  to  demand. 

Poto,  potare,  potavi,   potus  fum,    potatam  0K^  "I    ^  drink 

potum,  / 

Prandeo,  prandere,  prandi,  pranfus  fum,  pranfum,    to  dine. 


Premo,  premere,  prefli,  preflum, 

Prodigo,  prodigere,  proocgi, ,  . 

Prodo,  prodere,  prodidi,.proditum, 
Proficifcor,  proficifci,  profeftus  fum,  • 
Promo,  promere,  prompfi,  promptum, 

Pfallo,  pfallere,  pfalli, , 

Puerafco,  puerafcere,  • ,   , 

PungOj  pungere,  punxi,  pupugi,  punftum. 


Punio,  punire,  punivi,  punitus  fum,  punitum 

& 

>,  quaerere,  qu-aefivi,  quxu-tuxn,.*. 

juatio,  quatere,  quaffi,  qu.affum, 
kieror,  cjueri,  queflus  fum,  — — ,  . 
>ueo,  quire,  quivi,  qyitum, -. 

r   >,  quiefcere,  quievi,  } 

R.. 

RADO,  radere,  rafi,  rafum, 

Raucio,  raucire,  raufi,  raufum, 

Recido,  recidere,  recidi,  recafumj 

Recido,  recidere^  recidi,  recifum. 

Reddo,  reddere,  reddidi,  redditunij 

Refello,  refellere,  refelli,  refalfum,  • 

Refringp,  refringere,  refregi, 

Rego,  regere,  rexi.  rectum, 

Reminifcor,  remiuifci, 

Reor,  reri,  ratus  fum, , 

Refpuo,  refpuere,  refpui,  refputum,- 

Reticeoj  reticere,  reticui,  reticitum^ 

Rideo,  ridere,  rifi,  rifum, 

Ringo,  ringere,  rinxi,  riclum,  . 

Rodo,  rodere,  rofi,  rofum, 

Rodo,  rodere,  rofi, , 

Rumpo,  rumpere,  rupi,  ruptum, 

Ruo,  ruere,  rui,  ruitum,  rutum,  .. 

S. 

SALIO,  Jalire,  falivi,  falui,  falii,  faltum, 

Salio  and  fallio,  falire,  falivi, 

Sallo,  falkre,  falli,  falfum, 

K.  3 


to  prefs. 
to  lavijh. 
to  betray. 
-j       to  journey, 
to  draw, 
tofing. 

to  acl  as  a  child, 
to  prick, 
to  punijhs 


"•? 


tofcek. 
tojhake. 
to  complain, 
to  bt  able. 
to  reft* 

tofnave. 
to  be  hoarfe. 
to  go  back, 
to- cut  off. 
to  rejiorc* 
to  refute, 
to  open, 
to  rule, 
to  remember* 
tofuppofe* 
to  refufe* 
tO'be  filent* 
to  taught 
to  fret* 
to  gnaw, 
to  bray  as  an  afs. 
to.  break, 
to.rujk, 

to  leap, 
to  feafon* 


APPEND!     X. 


tojtat 

to  be  wife, 
to  patch, 
to  endeavour, 
to  fcratck. 
to  carve, 
to  climb, 
to  flow, 
to  cut. 
to  write. 
to  defire  to  write, 
to  cut. 
to/it. 
to  perceive, 
to  bury. 


Sancio,  fancire,  fancivi,  fanxi,  fancitum  and   1 
fan&um,  J 

Sapio,  fapere,  fapivi,  fapui,  fapitum, 
Sarcio,  farcire,  farfi,  fartum, 

Satago,  fatagere,  fategi, , 

Scabo,  fcabere,  fcabi, , 

Scalpo,  fcalpere,  fcalpfi,  fcalptum, 
Scando,  fcandere,  fcandi,  fcarifum, 

Saturio,  faturire,  faturivi, , 

Scindo,  fcindere,  fcidi,  fcifium, 

Scribo,  fcribere,  fcripfi,  fcriptum, 

Scripturio,  fcripturire,  fcripturivi, 

Seco,  fecare,  fecui,  feftum, 

Sedeo,  federe,  fedi,  feflum, 

Sentio,  fentire,  fenfi,  fenfum, 

Sepelio,  fepelire,  fepelivi,  fepultum, 

Sepio,  fepire,  fepivi  and  fepfi,  fepitum  and  feptum,  to  hedge. 

Senefco,  fenefcere,  fenui, ,  to  grow  old. 

Sequor,  fequi,  fequutus  fum,  a 

iSero,  ferere,  fevi,  fatum, 

Sereo,  ferere,  ferui,  fertum, 

Sido,  fidere,  fedi,  feffum, 

Singultio,  fingultire,  fingultivi,  fingultitumj 

Sino,  fmere,  fivi,  fitum, 

Sifto,  fiftere,  fliti,  datum, 

Soleo,  folere,  folitus  fum,  , 

Solvo,  folvere,  folvi,  folutum, 

Sono,  fonare,  fonui,  fonitum, 

SorbeOj  forbere,  forbui,  forpfi,  forptum, 

i>pargo,  fpargere,  fparfi,  fparfum, 

Specio,  fpecere,  fpexi,  fpeftum, 

Sperno,  fpernere,  fprevi,  fpretum, 

Spondee,  fpondere,  fpofpondi,  fponfum, 

Statuo,  ftatuere,  ftatui,  ftatutum, 

Sterno,  fternere,  ftravi,  ftratum, 

Sterto,  ftertere,  ftertui, , 

Stct  ftare,  fteti,  ftatum, 

Strepo,  ftrepere,  ftrepui,  flrepitum, 

Strideo,  ftridere,  ftridi, , 

Stride,  ftridere,  ftridi, , 

Stringo,  ftringere,  ftrinxi,  ftri£lum, 
Stmo,  ftruere,  ftruxi,  ftruftum, 
Suadco,  fuadere,  fuafi,  fuafum, 
Suefco,  fuefccre,  fu«vi,  fuetws  fum, 


to  follow* 
tofouf. 

to  Jet  in  order* 
to  fettle, 
tofob* 
tofu/er. 
to  Jland. 
to  be  wont* 
to  unloofe* 
to  found* 
tofnp  upm 
tofprinkle* 
to  behold* 
to  defpife. 
to  promzfe. 
to  appoint, 
to  cover ^ 
to  fnort* 
to  Jland. 
to  tnakt  a  noife, 
tofhriek. 
to  rujtle* 
to  rejlrain. 
to  build, 
to  perfuade* 
to  accujtom, 
Sugo, 


APPENDIX, 


Sugo,  fugere,  fuxi,  fuftum, 
Sumo,  fupiere,  fumpfi,  funFiptum, 
Surgo,  furgere,  furrexi,  furreftum, 

T. 

TACEO,  tacere,  tacui,  taciturn, 
Tango,  tangcre,  tetigi,  ta&um, 
Temno,  temnere,  tempfi,  temptum^ 
Tendo,  tendere,  tetendi,  tentum  and  tenfum, 
Teneo,  tenere,  tenui,  tentum, 

Tepeo,  tepere,  tepui, ^ 

Tepefco,  tepefcere,  tepui,  9 

Tergeo,  tergere,  terfi,  terfum, 
Tero,  terere,  trivi,  tritum, 
Texo,  texere,  texi,  texui,  textum, 

Timeo,  timere,  timui, , 

Titubo,  titubare,  titubavi,  titubatus  fum,  titu 

batum, 

Tollo,  tollere,  fufluH,  fublatum, 
Tondeo,  tondere,  totondi,  tonfum, 
Tone,  tonare,  tonui,  tonitum, 
Torqueo,  torquere,  torfr,  torfum,  tortuia, 
Torreo,  torrere,  torrui,  toftum, 
Trado,  trad«re,  tradidi,  traditum,. 
Traho,  trahere,  traxi,  traftum, 
Tremo,  tremere,  tremui,  •  , 

Trudo,  trudere,  trufi,  trufum, 

Tueor,  tueri,  tutus  and  tuitus  fum,     } 

Tuor,  tui,  tutus  and  tuitus  fum,        .    .  9 
Tundo,  tunderer  tutudi,  tunfum, 

Turgeo,  turgere,  turfi, , 

U. 

ULCISCOR,  ulcifci,  ultus  fum, f 

Urgeo,  urgere,  urfi,  urfum, 
Uro,  urere,  uffi,  uftum, 
Utor,  uti,  ufus  fum,  — 


"5 

to  fuck* 
to  take, 
to  arife. 


V. 

VADO,  vadere,  vafi,  vafum, 
Valeo,  valere,  valui,  valitum, 
Veho,  vehere,  vexi,  veftum, 
Velio,  vellere,  velli,  vulfi,  vulfuna, 
Vendo,  vendere,  vendidi,  venditum, 
Veneo,  venire,  veni,  venivi,  venum, 
Venio,  venire,  veni,  ventum, 
VergOj  vergere,  verfi,  verfum, 


to  fa  fi  lent* 

to  touch. 

to  defpife. 

tojlretch. 

to  hold. 

to  bt  warm. 

to  grow  warm. 

to  wipe. 

to  wear. 

to  weave. 

tojear* 

'  \   tojlumtte. 

to  take  vp. 

to  clip. 

to  thunder. 

to  wrtft. 

to  roajt* 

to  deliver, 

to  draw* 

to  tremble. 

to  thruft. 

to  defend* 

to  look. 

to  knock. 


to  revenge-. 

to  urge. 

to  bum, 

loufe. 

to  go* 

to  be  vett. 

to  carry. 

to  pull  up. 

tofell. 

to  be  /old. 

to  corte< 

to  bend* 

Vcrto, 


A    P    P    E    N    IX    T   X, 

Verto,  vertere,  verti,  verfum,  to  turnl 

Vefcor,  vefci,  paftus  fum,              s  to  eat, 

Veto,  vetare,  vetui,  vetitum,  to  forbid* 

Video,  videre,  vidi,  vifum,  tofte. 
Vieo,  viere,  vievi,  vietunx,  .                          to  bind  with  twigs* 

Vincio,  vincire,  vinxi,  vinclum,-.  to  bind* 

Vinco,  vincere,  vici,  vi&um,  .  to  conquer. 

Vifo,  vifere,  vifi,  vifum,  to  vifit+ 

Vivo,  vivere,  vixi,  vittunv  to  live. 

Volvo,  volvere,  volvi,  volutum,  to  roll, 

Vomo,  vomere,  vomui,  vomitum,  .  to  vomit. 

Voveo,  vovere,  yovi,  votum,  to  vout> 

COMPOUNDS 


,  afFerre,  attuli,  allatum,-  to  bring* 

Antefero,  anteferre,  antetuli,  antelatum,  ,  to  pr,eftr+ 

Aufero,  auferre,  abftuli,  ablatum,  to  take  away. 

Circumfero,  circumferre,  circumtuli,  cir^  Y  ^  ^       about 

cumlatum,  /  1 

Gonfero,  conferre,  contuli,  collatum,  .  to  compare. 

Defero,  deferre,  deUili,  dclatum,  to  convey. 

Differo,  differre,  diftuli,  dilatum,  to  defer. 

Exfero,  exferre,  extuli,  elatum,  to.  carry  out. 

Infero,  inferre,  intuli,  illatum,  ,  to-infer* 

O£Fero,  afferre,  obtuli,  obla.lum,  .  to  offer. 

Perfero,  perferre,  pertuli,  perlatumj,  to  endure. 

Praefero,  praeferre,  praetulij  praslaturo,  ,  to.prejer. 

Profero,  proferre,  protuli,  prolatum,  .  to-  confer. 

Refero,,referre,  retuli,  relatum,  .  to  relate. 

SufFero,  fufFerre,  fuftuli,  fublatum,  tofu/er* 
Ifransfero,  transferre,  tranfluli,  tranfla;tum?».        to  translate. 
~ 


N.  B.  The  compound  verbs,  that  have  fomething  par- 
ticular, in  their  declension,  are  inferted  in  the  above  cat- 
alogue. The  compounds,  that  are  declined  like  their  /w- 
fleS)  are  omitted. 


SECT  10  N    IXe. 

PROSODY 

Is  a  difcourfe   upon  the   nature  of  verfe,    and  ' 
the  quantity  of  fyllables, 

The 


APPENDIX.        117 

The  quantity  of  a  fyllable  means  the  fpace,  or 
length  of  time,  that  one  ufes,  in  pronouncing  it. 

Of  fyllables  there  are  three  kinds  ;  the  long,  the 
Jhort,  the  common  or  doubtful. 

A  Ihort  fyllable  has  a  quick  pronunciation  ; 
as,  dominus. 

A  long  fyllable  is  equal  to  two  fhort  ones  ;  as, 
contra. 

A  common  fyllable,  in  verfe,  is  fometimes  long 
and  fometimes  fhort. 

Every  line,  in  poetical  competitions,  is  divided 
into  feet. 

A  poetical  foot  confifls  of  two,  or  more  fylla- 
bles, joined  together  according  to  their  quantity. 

To  underftand  the  quantity  of  fyllables  the 
following  rules  Ihould  be  committed  to  memory* 

CONSONANTS, 

JRULE  I. 

A  vowel,  placed  before  two  fingle  confonants, 
or  a  double  confonant,  is  long,  by  pofition. 
As,  arma,  axis,  major,  patrizo. 

Remark. 

The  double  confonants  are  x  and  z  ;  and  alfo- 
j  and  v  when  placed  between  two  vowels.  The 
letter  j,  between  two  vowels,  in  compound  words, 
is  not  a  double  confonant. 

As,  bijugus,  rejicio. 

RULE  II. 

Two  words  being  together,  the  firft  ending  with 
a  confonant,  and  the  laft  beginning  with  a  confo- 
nant, the  vowel,  before  the  n'rft  confonant,  is 
long,  by  pofition. 

As,  major  fum  quam  pofslt  fortuna  nocere. 

RULE 


*i8         APPENDIX, 

RULE  III. 

When  two  lingle  confonants,  or  a  double  conw 
fonant,  begin  a  word,  and  the  preceding  word 
ends  in  a  vowel,  the  ending  vowel  is  fhort. 

As,  faepe  ftilum  vertas  ;  sequora  Xerxes  flage*. 
tavit. 

RULE  IV. 

A  vowel,  before  a  mute,  is  common*. 
As,  patris ;  voliicris ;  aratrum.. 

Remarks. 

1.  The  mute  confonants  are  ^  c,  d,  f,g,  I,  p> 
£,  and  t* 

2.  The  mute  confonanfc  mufl  be  followed  by  a 
liquid  ;  otherwife  the  ^receding  vowel  is  not  com* 
mon. 

3.  The  liquid  confonants  are,  /,  T»,  n,  r9 

VOWELS. 

General  Rule. 

One  vowel,  before  another  in  the  fame  word,  is 
fliort. 

As,  Deus,  meus,  fuus,  tuus,  omnia,  creavit. 

Exceptions. 

1.  The  genitive,  in  ius,  is  common.     But  alms 
is  ever  long ;  and  alterius  is  ever  fhort. 

2.  The  vowel  e,  preceded  by  i,  in  the  genitive 
and  dative  of  the  fifth  declenfion,  is  ever  long.  As, 
faciei. 

3.  The  verb  f  10,  in  all   its  modes  and   times, 
hath  I  long,  if  i  be  not  followed  by  c,  or  r. 

As,  flam,  fl, 

4.  In 


APPENDIX.          119 

4.  In  words    derived  from    the   Grecian  lan- 
guage, the  firft  vowel   is   generally  long.      As, 
Laerten  :  But,  in  Thebais  and  Phaon  it  is  fhort. 

5.  Aer,  dius,   Pompei,  and   ai,  in  the  genitive 
of  the  firft  declenfion,  are  long ;  as,  aulai,  pi&ai. 

6.  The  firft  vowel,  in  all  interje&ions,  is  long; 
as,  heus,  ohe,  heu,  hei. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

General  Rule. 

Diphthongs  are  long.  As,  pennae,  mufae,  neu- 
ter, aurum,  fcholae,  menfae,  deae,  filiae. 

Exception. 

The  diphthong,  in  prae,  when  followed  by  a 
vowel,  is  fhort.  As,  prasaltus  ;  praeeo;  praeiens; 
praeuftus. 

DERIVATIVES. 
General  Rule. 

Derivative  words  have  the  fame  meafure,  or 
quantity,  as  their  primitives. 

As,  amabilis,  amicus,  amator  ;  from  atno. 

Exceptions. 

1.  The  following  words  have  the  firft  fyllable 
long,  although  their  primitives  have  the  firft  fyl- 
lable fhort  ;   como,    comans,  fomes,    fomentum, 
humanus,  jucundus,  jumentum,  junior,  laterna, 
lex,  mobilis,  nonus,  rex,  fedes,  vdx,   tegula,  tra- 
gula,  vomer,  and  pedor. 

2.  The  following  words  have  the  firft   fyllable 
fhort  ;    their  derivatives  have  the  firft  long;  are- 
na, arifta,  amndo,    arufpex,    dicax,   dux,   ditior 
difertus,  fides,  fragor,  genui,  lucerna,  nato,  noto, 

vadumj 


t20          APPENDIX. 

vadum,  f apor,  f agax,  flabilis,  fragilis,  potui,  and 
pofui. 

COMPOUNDS. 
General  Rule. 

Compound  words  retain  the  quantity  of  their 
fimples. 

As,  all  ego  from  lego,  potens,  impotens  from 
poffum,  <&c. 

Exceptions. 

1.  Dejero,  pejero  from  juro  ;  inniiba,  pronuba 
from  nubo,  are  fhort.     Except  alfo  agnitus,  cog- 
nitus,  femifopitus,  veridicus ;  connubium  is  com- 
mon. 

2.  Re,  except  in  refert,  is  (hort. 

3.  AI  e,  de,  di,  and^,  in  compofition,  are   ever 
long;  excepting  in  dirimo  and  difertus. 

4.  Pro,  in    compofition,   is    long  ;    excepting 
profugus,  procella,    protervus,    pronepos,  profa- 
nus,  profiteor,  profundus,  profe6lo,  propero,  pro- 
ficifor,  profari,  profugio,  propheta,  propino,  and 
prdpago  a  noun. 

5.  Thefe   are   common  ;    procurro,    propello, 
propulfo,  profundo,  and  propago  a  verb. 

Obfervation. 

If  the  firft  part  of  a  compound  word,  end  in 
ay  or  o,  it  is  generally  long ;  if  it  end  in  et  it  u,  y, 
it  is  fhort. 

Exceptions. 

i.  A  is   fbort  in  eadem,    except  the   ablative, 
It  is  alfo  fhort  in  hexameter,  catapulta,  Sec. 
e,  0  is  ftiort  in  hodie,  quandoquidem,  quoque, 

duodccem, 


APPENDIX.  121 

duodecem,  facrofan&us,  Timotheus,  bardocullus  ; 
and  in  all  Greek  words  written  with  omicron. 

3.  E   is  long   in  fedecim,    femodius,   nequis, 
nequam,  nequitia,  nequaquam,  nequicquam,  ne- 
quando,    nemo,   credo,  veneficus,  videlicet,  me- 
cum,  tecum,  fecum,  and  memet. 

4.  /is  long  in  the  following  words  ;   illcet,  bi- 
gae,  pridie,   tibicen,  quidam,    quanticunque,  rei- 
publlcae,    biduum,     triduum,    meridies,   and   in 
words   that  can   be    decompounded    without  in- 
juring the  fenfe;  as,  ludlmagifter,   fiquis,  pai'vi- 
pendo,  Sec. 

5.  U  is  long  in  judicio. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

All  prepofitions   are   fhort  ;    except   they    are 
made  long,  by  pofition.     As,  ab,  ad,  in,  6b,  &c. 

VERBS. 

RULE  I. 

All  verbs  of  two  fyllables,  in  the  perfect  time, 
have  the  firft  fyllable  long. 

As,  emi,  legi,  movi,  novi,  rexi. 

Exception. 

From  this  rule  are  excepted   bibi,   dedi, 
fteti,  ftiti,  tuli,  and  f  idi  from  flndo. 

RULE  II. 


If  the  perfed  times    double   the  firft 
the  two  firft  are  fhort. 

As,  cecidi,  didici,  ftfelli,  momordi,  pependf; 
cecmi,  peperci,  pepedi,  pupiigi,  fpofpondi,  te- 
tendi,  tetigi,  totondi,  tutudi, 


422  A     P     P     E     N     D     I     X. 

Remark. 

The  lafl  fyllable  may  be  long,  by  pofitioru 
RULE  III. 

Verbs,  iocreafmg  by  a,  e,  and  o,  are  long. 
As,  amo,  amare ;   plico,  plicare,  &c. 

Exceptions. 

1.  The  firft  increafe  of   do,  and  its  compounds 
of  the  firft  conjugation,  are  fhort.      As,  do,  dare, 
damus  ;  circumdamus  ;  dabis,  circumdabis. 

2.  In  the  prefent  and  imperfecl;  times    of  the 
third  conjugation,  e  before  r  is  fhort.     E  is  alTo 
fhprt  before  ram,  rim,  and  ro.     In  beris   and  bere 
it  is  fhort.     In  fcriberis  and  laberis,  of  the  future 
time,  e  is  long. 

3.  Erunt  and  ere,  of  theperfe6l  time  adive,  are 
long  ;  asrdocuerunt,  docuere. 

•RU-LE  IV. 

Verbs  increafing  by  i  and  w,  are  fhort. 
As,  quaero,  quaefivi  ;  moneo,  nionui. 

Exceptions. 

1.  The  firft  increafe  of  the   fourth  conjugation 
is  long  ;  as,  cupio,  cupivi. 

2.  Simus,  velnnus,  nolimus,  and  mahmus  are 
long.     Imus  is  fhort  in  the  perfe6t,  and  common 
in  the  future. 

SUPINES. 
RULE  I. 
Supines  of  two  fyllables  have  the   firft  fyllable 

long. 

As, 


A     P     P     E     N     D     I     X.  123 

As,  aftum,  arfum,  cafum,  cantum,  captum, 
demptum,  doftum,  ernptum,  foffum,  fufum,  1k- 
tum;  lolum,  motum,  plexum,  pulfum,  £c. 

Exceptions. 

1.  The  fupines,  formed  from   eo.  do,  ruo,    da»> 
reor.fcro.fmo,fto,  queo,  and  lino,  have  the  firfifyl- 
labie  (hort. 

2.  The  fupine.  from  the  verb  do  of  the  fourth 
conjugation,  is  long.     The  compounds  of  Jlo  arc 
long  in  a  ;  except  the  a  be    changed  into  i  ;    as, 
circumflo,  circumftatum. 

RULE  II. 

All  fupines,  of   more  than  two  fyllabies.    h 
atum,  etum,  and  utum,  long. 

As,  fublatum,  impletum.  cxutum. 

RULE  III. 

Supines,  in  itum  from  the  perfect  time  in  ivi, 
are  long  ;  as  cupltum,  geflltum. 

But,    plebefcitum  has   the  penult   fhor!:.     A 
vecenf  itum  has  the  penult  long, 

ADJECTIVES. 

RULE. 

Adjectives   ending  in  ye    the 

penult  long.      As,    clandoilmu>,   \ 
pertinus.  rcligiofus.  &c. 

Exception?. 

1.  Thefe    following    have    the    penult    fhort  ; 
carbaf  inus.  craflinus,  cediinus.  diutinus,  faginus, 
hornotinus,  oleaginas,  perendinus,  priflTnus,  fero. 
tinus. 

2.  Adjectives  denoting  the  fubflance  of  which 
any  thing  is  made,  and  fuoh  as    cxprcfs  the   col^ 

our, 


24          APPENDIX. 

our,  fmell,  or  tafte  of  any  thing,  have  the  penult 
fliort ;  as,  adamantinus,  cryftallmus,  hyacinthi- 
nus,  myrrhinus,  and  nardmus. 

NOUNS. 
RULE  I. 

The  increafe  of  nouns,  in  the  fecond  declen- 
fion,  is  fliort  ;  as,  viri,  pueri. 

Exception. 

The  increafe  of  Celtiber  and  Iber  is  long  j  as, 
Cehiberi,  Iberi. 

N.  B.  A. noun  is  faid  to  increafe,  if  it  have  a 
fy  liable  more  in  the  genitive,  than  in  the  norm- 
native  cafe  fingular.  Or,  if  it  have  a  fyllable 
more  in  any  of  the  plural  cafes,  than  in  the  gen- 
itive fingular,  it  is  faid  to  increafe.  In  both  in- 
ftances,  the  penult  fyllable  is  the  increafe. 

RULE  II. 

The  increafe  of  a  and  o,  in  nouns  of  the  third 
dcclenfion,  is  long,  as  pater,  patris  ;  bos,  bovis. 

Exceptions. 

1.  From  a  are   excepted  mafculines  in  al  and 
QT  ;   adis  from  vas  ;   atis  from  a  and  5  impure.* 

2.  The  increafe  of  mas,  anas,  he  far,  far,  veffiar, 
bacchar,  climax  is  mort.       To  thefe  you  may  add 
the  compounds  of  phylax  and  cor  ax. 

3.  Neuter  nouns,  that   have  or  Is   in   the    geni- 
live,  and  all  proper  names,  in  or,  have  a  fhort  in- 
creafe. 

4.  Os,  oris,  the  mouth,  and  all  comparative  de- 
grees, in  or,  oris,    are  long  ;    as,  major,    majoris; 
melior,  melioris.  5.   The 

*  A  fyllab'e,  preceded  by  a  vowej^  is  faid  co  be />«>*  ;  arid  preceded  by 
a  tonfonaiit  it  is  impure* 


A'     P     P     E     N     D     I     X.  125 

5-.  The  increafe  -of  the  following  nouns  is  long : 
Arbor,  memor.  compos,  impos,  lepus,  Cappadox, 
praecox.  The  increafe  of  nouns,  that  end  in  obs 
and  ops  is  long.  Thefe  are  excepted  ccrcops,  hy- 
drops,  Cyclops  ;  the  compounds  of  pus  are  fhort. 
RULE  III. 

The  increafe  of  e,  i,  it,  and  y,  in  nouns  of  the 
third  declenfion,  is  ihort  ;  feges,  fegetis ;  IUM, 
lucis,  &c. 

Exceptions. 

1.  Thefe,  that  increafe  in  e,  are  long  :    Haeres, 
locuples,  quies,   merces,  plebs,  feps,  lex,  rex,  fex, 
inagnes,  lebes,  cures,  tapes,  Dares,  halec,    vervex, 
ver  ;  and  thofe,  that  make    cnis    and   elis,    in   the 
genitive. 

2.  Aquilegis  and  lelegis  are  fhort. 

3.  Greek  nouns,   in  er    and  es,  are    long  ;    ex«« 
cept  aer  and  aether. 

4.  The  following  are  long  :   Dis,  Us,  glis,    viss. 
gryps,  vibex,  famnis,  nejis,  a/pis,  quiris. 

5.  The  increafe  of  nouns,  ending  in  ix  andjy.v. 
is  long.     But    the  increafe  of  fornix,    appendix, 
coxendix,  varix,  .filix,  falix,  nix,  caiix,   pix,  £y- 
rix,  carex,  larix  and  vicis,  is  fliort. 

6.  The  increafe  of  Greek  nouns,  that  have  their 
nominative  in  n,  and  their  genitive  in  inis,  or ynis, 
is  long.     As,  Delphin,  Delphinis. 

7.  Thefe  nouns,    fur.  lus,  pollux,    frugis.   in- 
creafing  in  ut  are  long  ;   and  fo  are  thofe  that  in- 
creafe in  uris,  udis,  and  utis.    But  the    increafe  of 
intercus,  pecus,  and  ligus,  is  fhort. 

RULE  IV. 

The  increafe  of   a.  e,  and    o.  in  the    plural,    is- 
long.     The  increafe  of  i  and  u  is  fhort  : 

As?  herbarum,  Deorum  ;  arbonbus.  fpeciibus. 
L  2  Fi\'  A  i. 


.126  APPEND!     X. 

FINAL  SYLLABLES. 

1.  Words  of  one  fyllable,  ending  in  e  ;  as,  me, 
it,  Sec.  are  long.     The    fyllabic   adjeftions  make 
thefe  monofyllables  fhort.     As,  memet,  tete,  &c. 

2.  Words,    ending  in    a,    i.  and  u;    are    long. 
From   this  remark  except  all  cafes  in  a,  but   the 
ablative,    and  the    vocative  cafes    from  nouns  in 
&s»     As,  vocative  lampas. 

3.  Greek   nouns,  that  have    their  dative    and 
vocative,  in  i,  or^;,  are  fhort. 

4.  Patronymics,  that  have  their  nominative  in 
is,  and  genitive  in  idos,  are  fhort. 

5.  Thefe  words,   eia,    ita,  necubi,    puta,    quia, 
Jicubi,  ficuti,  poftea,  have  the  final  fyllable  fhort. 

6.  Thefe  are  common;  cui,  mihi,  tibi,  fibi,  ubi, 
ibi.  nifi,  and  quafi. 

7.  Nouns,  ending  in  e  and  y,  have  the   penult 
fliort. 

8.  But  nouns- of  the  firfl  declenfion,  and  nouns 
of  the  fifth  declenfion  ;   the  imperative  of  the   fe- 
cond    conjugation  ;    and    adverbs    derived    from 
adjectives  of  three  endings,  have  the  final  fyllable 
Jong.     As,  penna,  fades,  mone,  primum. 

9.  Ferme,  fere,  fame,  ohe,  cete,  and  tempe  are 
long.     But  bene,  male,  inferne,  and  fuperne,  are 
fhort. 

10.  0,  at  the  end   of  words,  is  generally  com- 
mon.    In  the  dative    and   ablative  cafes,  in    ad- 
verbs  from  nouns,  and  in  the  neuter  verb,    e5j  9 
is  ever  long.     As,  puero,  tanto,  &c. 

11.  0,  in  imo,  duo,  nefcio,  cito,  modo,  fcio,  is 
fhort . 

12.  In    Sappho,  Dido,   Apollo,  Atho,   Andro- 
gco,  and  ergo  fpr  caufa,  o  is  long. 

13^  Words, 


APPENDIX. 

13.  Words,  ending  in  b,  d,  /,  r,    t,    are    fhort. 
As,  ab,  ad,  caput,  conful,  uxor. 

14.  Far,  fur,  nar,  ml,  lar,  par.  impar,  compar, 
cur,  f  al,  fol  and  ver  are  long. 

15.  Hebrew  words,  that  end  in  el,    and   Greek 
nouns  in  er,  increafmg  in  the  genitive,  are  long. 
As,  Abdiel,  character,  crater,  &c. 

16.  Exotic  words,  in  d,  are  common  ;   as*  Bo- 
gud,  David,  &c. 

1-7.  Words    ending  in    as,  es,  os,  c,  and  w,    are 
long.     As,  fee,  en,  Anchifes,  mufas,  viros. 

Exceptions. 

1.  Lac,    fac,  donee,  and  nee,  are  fhort.       The 
pronoun  hie,  and  hoc,  in  the  nominative   and    ac- 
cufative  are  fhort. 

2.  Forfitan,    forfan,  an,    ins  tamen.  and  nouns 
that  end  in  n  by  an.  apoftrophe,    are  fhort.     Alfo 
en  when  it  makes   mis  in  the  genitive,  and    Greek 
nouns  in  on.  in,  or  yn  are  fhort.  If  the  nominative 
of  a  Greek  noun  in  a  be  fhort,  then  the    accufa* 
tive  in  an  is  alfo  fhort. 

3.  Greek  nouns  in  as  and  genitive  in  adis,  and 
the  Greek  accufative  of  the  third  declenfion,  have 
the  final  fyllable  fhort. 

4.  Es,  the  fecond  perfon  offum,  with  its  com- 
pounds,  prodes,  ades,  obes-;"  potes,  is  fhort.      Pe- 
nes,   and  nouns  in   es,   that  have  the  increafe  of 
the  genitive  fingular,  in    iris,  as  miles,   dives,  are 
fhort.     Alfo  Greek  neuters  and   the    nominative 
and  vocative   cafes  plural,  of  fuch  as    increafe  in 
the  plural,  are  fhort.      As,  Cacoethes,  Cyclopes. 

18.  Words,  ending  in  is  and  us  are  fhort.     As, 
panis,  tempus,  annus,  &c. 

19.  Fom  us  are  excepted  the  nominative   cafes 
of  fuch  as  bave  a  long  increafe  ;  as,  falus.  falutis. 


-28  APPENDIX. 

20.  Nouns,    that  have  the  dative  and    ablative 
plural  in  is,  are   long,  in  the  laft  fyllable.     As, 
anms,  pennis,  menfis,  dominis. 

21.  The   fecond  perfons  fingular,  of  verbs   in 
is,  whofe  fecond    perfons  plural  end  in  itis,  have 
u  in    the  fmgular,  and   the  ptnult  in  the    plural, 
long.     As,  audis,  auditis. 

22.  Nouns  in  -us  of  the  fourth  decl  en  (ion,  have 
the  genitive   fingular,  the  nominative,  accufative, 
and  vocative  plural,  long.     As,    fpecus,    manus, 
gradus,  fenfus,  vifus. 

23.  The  laft  fyllable,  in  every  line  of   poetry^ 
is  common. 

ACCENT 

Is  the  preffure  of  voice,  that  is  placed  on  fome 
particular  fyllable  in  a  word,  without  either 
lengthening,  or  fliortening,  the  fyllable. 

Indeclinable  words  may  have  the  acute  acent, 
on  the  laft  fyllable,  to  diftinguifh  them  from 
words  that  are  declined. 

Syllabic  adjedions  ever  throw  the  accent  back, 
to  the  penult  ;  as,  hoccine. 

VERSIFICATION 

Is  the  due  arrangement  of  a  certain  number  of 
fyllables,  according,  to  particular  rules,  that  cuf- 
tom,  in  any  language,  has  eftablifhed. 

The  harmony  of    verfification  confifts,    in    a 
pleafmg  variety  of   long  and  fhort,  accented    and. 
unaccented  fyllables. 

THE  FEET 

Moftly  in  vogue,  among  the  Latin  Poets,  are 
the  following  : 

Pyrrhichius ;      two  fhort  fyllables,     as,         Deiis. 
two  long  ones,  as,       contra. 

Iambus  ; 


APPENDIX. 

Iambus  ;  ihort  and  long,          as,          pios. 

Trochxus ;  long  and  fhort,          as,       feryat. 

Da&ylus  ;  one  long  and  two  fhort,  as,  carmina. 
Anapcejlus  ;  two  fhort  and  one  long,  as,  anunos. 
Tribraches  ;  three  fhort  fyllables,  as,  melius, 
Molo/us  ;  three  long  fyllables,  as,  deleftant, 
FIGURES  ufed  in  VERSIFICATION. 

Syjlole  fhortens  a  long  fy  11  able. 

Dia/lole  lengthens  a  fhort  fyllable. 

Apocope  takes  from  the  end  of  a  word. 

Paragoge  adds  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

Syncope  takes  from  the  middle  of  a  word. 

Epenihefis  inferts  fome  fyllables,  or  letters. 

Synarefis  contracls  two  fyllables  into  one. 

Dixrefis  makes  two  fyllables  of  one. 

Prothefis  adds  to  the'beginning  of  a  word. 

Aphcerefis  takes  from  the  beginning  of  a  word. 

Synalzpha  cuts  off  a  vowel,  or  diphthong,  from 
the  end  of  a  word,  if  the  next  word  begins  with 
either  the  one,  or  the  other,  or  with  the  letter  h, 
which  in  poetry,  is  confidered  fimply  as  an  af- 
perate. 

Eclhlypjis  cuts  off  am.  cm,  im,  cm,  and  urn.  if 
the  next  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  or  the  letter 
h.  As, 

Monftrumhorrenduminformeingens  cui  lumen  adcmptum, 
Read  thus, 

MonAr'  orrend'  inform'  ingens  cui  lumen  ademptum. 

Cefura  is  the  natural  paufe,  or  filence  of  the 
voice,  in  the  end  of  a  word.  This  filence,  or 
paufe,  may  be  after  thejirfl,fccond,  third,  or  fourth^ 
foot ;  and  fometimes  after  the  Jiftk  foot.  The 

ca2fural 


130          APPEND!     X. 

caefural  paufe  makes  a  fyllable  long,  that,  by  n 
ture,  is  fliort ;  even  before  a  vowel.     As, 

Omni  a  vincit  amor,  et  nos  cedamus  amori. 
SCANNING  is   the  dividing,  or  riieafuring  of  a 
line  into  its  proper  feet. 

HEXAMETER 

* 

Verfe  confifts  of  fix  feet.  Of  which  the  four 
firft  may  be  either  da&yls,  or  fpondees  ;  the  fifth 
foot  muft  be  a  dactyl,  and  the  fixth,  a  fpondee. 
As, 

Tityre  tu  patulae  rccubans  fub  tegmiuc  f  agi. 
PENTAMETER 

Verfe  confifts  of  five  feet  :  The  two  firfl  may 
be  either  d;>5lyls  or  fpondees  and  a  caefura.  Then 
two  dactyls  and  a  long  fyllable.  This  is  called 
Elegiac  Verfe.  As, 

Nil  mihi  refcrlbas,  attamen  Tpfe  verxi. 
Or, 

Elegiac  Verfe  may  be  thus  made  ;  the  two  firfl 
feet  either  claclyls, -or  fpondees;  the  third  ever  a 
fpondee,  and  the  two  laft  feet  mult  be  anapaefts. 

PHALEUCIAN 

\rerfe  has  five  feet ;  a  fpondee,  a  daftyl,  and 
three  trochees.  As, 

Quoquo  difFugias,  pavens  Mablli. 
SAPPHIC 

Verfe  has  the  fame  feet  as  the  Phaleucian,  but 
differently  arranged.  In  Sapphic  verfe,  the  firft 
foot  is  a  trochee ;  the  fecond,  a  fpondee ;  the 
third,  a  da&yi  ;  and  the  two  la-fl  feet  are  both 
trochees. 

In. 


APPENDIX.  131 

In  writing  fapphic  verfe  the  poets  generally  put 
AN  ADONIC 

Verfe,  at  the  end  of  every  third  line  ;  which 
confifts  of  a  dactyl  and  a  fpondee.  The  Sapphic, 
when  the  Adonic  verfe  is  ufed,  is  written  thus  : 

Jam  f  atis  terns  nivis  atque  dirae 
Grandinis  mifit  Pater,  et  rubente 
Dextera  facra  jnculatus  arces 

Terruit  urbem. 

ASCLEPIAD 

Verfe  confifls  of  a  fpondee,  a  daQyl,  a  caefura^ 
and  two  dactyls.  As, 

Mecaenas  atavis  edite  regibus. 
THE   GREATER   ALCAIC 

Has  two  feet  and  an  half  of  an  Iambic,  and 
two  dactyls.  As, 

Vides  ut  alta  (let  nive  cand'idiim. 
THE  LESSER  ALCAIC 
Has  two  dactyls  and  two  trochees.     As, 

Praeter  atrocem  aiainum  Catonis. 

Several  other  kinds  of  verfe  are  ufed,  by  the 
Latin  Poets.  On  which,  for  the  fake  of  brevity, 
we  (hall  make  no  remarks. 


SECTION         X. 

ABBREVIATIONS, 

A.  B.  Artium  Baccalaurcus. 
A.  D.  Anno  Domini. 

A.  M.  Artium  Magifter  ;  Ante  Meridiem. 

B.  D.  Baccalaureus  Divinitatis. 
A.  U.  C.  Ab  Urbe  Condita. 

C.  Centum.     Cap.  Caput.     Clcr.  Clericus, 
Cof.  Conful.      Coff.  Confules. 

C,  P.  S,  Cuftos  privati  Sigilli. 

D.  D, 


1312          APPENDIX 

D.  D.  Doftor  Divinitatis. 

D.  Denarius.     Dec.  December. 

E.  G.  Exempli  gratia. 

F.  R.  S.  Frater  Regalis  Societatis. 

G.  R.  Georgrus  Rex.  Ibid,  ibidem.  Id.  idem.  i.  tt  id  eft, 
J.  H.  S.  Jefus  Hominum  Salvator. 

J.  D.  Jurium  Doftor. 

Imp.  Imperator.     Impp.  Imperatores. 

L.  Liber  et' Libra. 

L.  L.  D.  Legium  Doftor.     L.  S.  Locus  Sigilli. 

M.  B.  Medicinse  Baccalaureus. 

M.  D.  Medicine  Doftor. 

M.  S.  Manufcriptum  ;  MSS.  Manufcripta. 

N.  B.  Nota  Bene.     N.  Nota. 

P.  C.  Patres  Confcripti. 

P.  M.  Pofl  Meridiem. 

P.  S.  Poft  Scriptum. 

P.  R.  Populus  Romanus. 

R.  S.  S.  Regise  Societatis  Socius, 

JR..  P.  Refpublica.     S.  C.  Senatus  Confultum. 

S.  P.  Q.  R.  Senatus  Populufque  Romanus. 

S.  V.  B.E.  E.  Q.  V.  Si  vales  bene  eft,  Egoquoque  valco* 

S.  T.  P.  Sanfta;  Theologize  Profeffor. 

S.  T.  D.  Doftor  Sacrac  Theologiae. 

S.  S.  T.  Sacrofanfta  Trinitas. 

V.  D.  M.  Verbi  Dei  Minifter. 

The  Romans  were  extremely  fond  of  having 
three,  or  four  words,  to  exprefs  the  name  of  any- 
particular  perfon.  As,  Publius  Cornelius  Scipid 
Africanus.  The  jirfl.  word  was  the  proper  name 
of  the  perfon  ;  the  fccond,  the  name  of  his  ancef-i 
tors  ;  the  third,  the  name  of  a  particular  family  ^ 
and  the  fourth  was  added  to  commemorate  fomes 
illuflrious  aclion,  or  victory. 

ABBREVIATIONS  OF  NAMES. 

A.  Aulus.  C.  Caius.  Cn.  Cneus.  D.  Decius.  G.  Gaius. 
L.  Lucius,  or  Lucia.  M.  Marcus,  or  Marcia.  P.  PubliusJ 
Q.  Quintus.  Ser,  Servius.  Sex.  Sextus,  Sp.  Spurius.  T. 
Titus. 


F    I     N    I    S. 

%.^'  *»* 


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